English change-of-state verbs

This file defines the English change-of-state verbs: the physical disturbance verbs of Tham's study, the further change-of-state verbs of Martin, Rose and Nichols's, Levin's class of freeze, heat, bend, boil, rust and increase, and the degree achievement pairs of Kennedy's, straighten, flatten, open, lengthen, widen, cool and warm, each with the frames of its causative and anticausative uses.

References

• [Ken07b]
• [RH14]
• [Tha25]

Physical disturbance change-of-state verbs ([Tha25])

def English.Verbs.crack : Verb

"crack" — Levin 45.1 Break verbs. Physical disturbance CoS verb. [Tha25]: closed scale (contra [RH14] two-point classification), but allows BOTH telic ("cracked in a minute") and atelic ("cracked for two days") readings. Compatible with completely, partially, badly. The verb is NOT a standard degree achievement: its variable telicity does not reduce to scale boundedness alone.

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def English.Verbs.dent : Verb

"dent" — Levin 21.2 Carve verbs. Physical disturbance CoS verb. [Tha25]: closed scale, compatible with more dented, completely dented, badly dented.

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def English.Verbs.scratch : Verb

"scratch" — Levin 21.1 Cut verbs, a physical disturbance CoS verb for [Tha25]: closed scale, compatible with more scratched, completely scratched, badly scratched. Levin also lists it among the wipe verbs (§10.4.1) and the swat verbs (§18.2) on its manner readings.

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def English.Verbs.shatter : Verb

"shatter" — Levin 45.1 Break verbs. NOT a physical disturbance verb. Punctual, non-gradable: shatter in two minutes (after, not duration), #shatter for two minutes, ??more shattered ([Tha25] (12)).

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def English.Verbs.burn : Verb

"burn" — destruction or transformation by fire or heat; Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs.

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def English.Verbs.destroy : Verb

"destroy" — Levin 44 destroy verbs.

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def English.Verbs.melt : Verb

"melt" — change of consistency by heat; Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs. A base transitive that takes a double-object benefactive ("melt me some ice cream") and an indefinite implicit object ("the ice cream melted" / "we're melting").

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Further change-of-state verbs

The causative verbs Martin, Rose and Nichols survey that have no entry elsewhere in this file.

def English.Verbs.activate : Verb

"activate" — sets a device or process in operation; not listed by Levin.

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def English.Verbs.affect : Verb

"affect" — Levin 31.1 amuse verbs.

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def English.Verbs.change : Verb

"change" — transformation; Levin 26.6 turn verbs.

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def English.Verbs.damage : Verb

"damage" — partial destruction; not listed by Levin.

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• English.Verbs.damage = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, vendlerClass := some Aspect.VendlerClass.accomplishment, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "damage"] }

def English.Verbs.eliminate : Verb

"eliminate" — removal; Levin 42.1 murder verbs.

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def English.Verbs.hurt : Verb

"hurt" — Levin 40.8.3 hurt verbs.

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def English.Verbs.restore : Verb

"restore" — Levin 13.2 contribute verbs.

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def English.Verbs.trigger : Verb

"trigger" — sets a process off; not listed by Levin.

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• English.Verbs.trigger = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, vendlerClass := some Aspect.VendlerClass.achievement, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "trigger"] }

def English.Verbs.bury : Verb

"bury" — covering with earth. Levin's concealment class (§16) does not list bury.

Equations

• English.Verbs.bury = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, vendlerClass := some Aspect.VendlerClass.accomplishment, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "bury"] }

def English.Verbs.drop : Verb

"drop" — Levin 45.6 calibratable change-of-state verbs.

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def English.Verbs.lift : Verb

"lift" — Levin 9.4 verbs of putting with a specified direction.

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def English.Verbs.lock : Verb

"lock" — securing with a lock; Levin lists lock only among the tape verbs (§22.4).

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def English.Verbs.shut : Verb

"shut" — Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs, zero-related to the adjective.

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def English.Verbs.spread : Verb

"spread" — Levin 9.7 spray/load verbs.

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def English.Verbs.stretch : Verb

"stretch" — Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs.

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def English.Verbs.switch : Verb

"switch" — Levin's change-of-state lists do not include switch.

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def English.Verbs.close : Verb

"close" — Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs, zero-related to the adjective, and 40.3.2 crane verbs (close one's eyes).

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def English.Verbs.dry : Verb

"dry" — Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs, zero-related to the adjective.

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def English.Verbs.enhance : Verb

"enhance" — improvement in quality; not listed by Levin.

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• English.Verbs.enhance = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, vendlerClass := some Aspect.VendlerClass.accomplishment, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "enhance"] }

def English.Verbs.extend : Verb

"extend" — Levin 47.1 exist verbs, 13.2 contribute verbs and 13.3 verbs of future having.

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def English.Verbs.lower : Verb

"lower" — Levin 9.4 verbs of putting with a specified direction.

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def English.Verbs.slow : Verb

"slow" — Levin 45.4 other change-of-state verbs, zero-related to the adjective.

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def English.Verbs.turn : Verb

"turn" — Levin 26.6 turn verbs (turn the prince into a frog).

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def English.Verbs.wakeUp : Verb

"wake up" — the particle verb of awakening; Levin lists waken but not wake.

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Change of State (§ 45)

def English.Verbs.freeze : Verb

"freeze" — Levin 45.4 Other Change of State verbs. Causative/inchoative alternation.

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def English.Verbs.heat : Verb

"heat" — Levin 45.4 Other Change of State verbs. Causative/inchoative alternation.

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def English.Verbs.bend : Verb

"bend" — Levin 45.2 Bend verbs. Causative/inchoative alternation. Degree achievement: closed scale (straight → bent, has maximal endpoint).

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def English.Verbs.boil : Verb

"boil" — Levin 45.3 Cooking verbs. Causative/inchoative alternation. Degree achievement: closed scale (reaches boiling point).

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def English.Verbs.rust : Verb

"rust" — Levin 45.5 Entity-Specific CoS verbs. Inchoative only. Degree achievement: open scale (no maximum rustedness).

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def English.Verbs.increase : Verb

"increase" — Levin 45.6 Calibratable CoS verbs (degree achievements). Degree achievement: open scale (no maximum quantity).

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Degree achievement verb pairs ([Ken07b])

def English.Verbs.straighten : Verb

"straighten" — Closed-scale degree achievement (base adj: straight). Accomplishment: "straightened the wire in 10 seconds."

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def English.Verbs.flatten : Verb

"flatten" — Closed-scale degree achievement (base adj: flat). Accomplishment: "flattened the dough in 2 minutes."

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def English.Verbs.open_ : Verb

"open" — Closed-scale degree achievement (base adj: open, closed scale). Accomplishment: "opened the door in 3 seconds."

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def English.Verbs.lengthen : Verb

"lengthen" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: long, open scale). Activity: "lengthened the rope for hours."

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def English.Verbs.widen : Verb

"widen" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: wide, open scale). Activity: "widened the road for months."

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def English.Verbs.cool : Verb

"cool" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: cool, open scale). Activity: "cooled for an hour."

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def English.Verbs.warm : Verb

"warm" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: warm, open scale). Activity: "warmed for an hour."

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