Dutch modals

This file records the Dutch modal expressions of Uegaki and Hannon's elicited dataset of force-flavour combinations, distributed with the modal typology database of Guo, Imel and Steinert-Threlkeld. Under the projection below, zou/zouden ... kunnen is the one expression whose force and flavour are not independent: it expresses epistemic necessity and epistemic and circumstantial possibility, but not circumstantial necessity (Dutch.Modals.zouKunnen_not_independent), while every other expression combines each of its forces with each of its flavours (Dutch.Modals.independent).

Implementation notes

The dataset records whether each expression is felicitous in contexts of three forces, necessity, weak necessity and possibility, and five flavours, epistemic, deontic, teleological, circumstantial and bouletic, with and without negation. An entry's meaning is its positive-polarity cells judged felicitous, with weak necessity entered as necessity and teleological as circumstantial; bouletic cells are left out, and so are the expressions with no other felicitous cell. Whether a meaning has independent force and flavour depends on this projection.

References

• W. Uegaki and E. Hannon, Cross-linguistic dataset of force-flavour combinations in modal elements (2022)
• Q. Guo, N. Imel and S. Steinert-Threlkeld, A Database for Modal Semantic Typology (2022)

def Dutch.Modals.zal : Modality.ModalItem

zal 'will' expresses epistemic necessity.

Equations

• Dutch.Modals.zal = { form := "zal", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.necessity, Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic)} }

def Dutch.Modals.moetMoeten : Modality.ModalItem

moet/moeten 'must' expresses epistemic, deontic and circumstantial necessity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dutch.Modals.zouMoeten : Modality.ModalItem

zou/zouden ... moeten 'should' expresses deontic and circumstantial necessity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dutch.Modals.kanKunnen : Modality.ModalItem

kan/kunnen 'can' expresses circumstantial possibility.

Equations

• Dutch.Modals.kanKunnen = { form := "kan/kunnen", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.possibility, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial)} }

def Dutch.Modals.zouKunnen : Modality.ModalItem

zou/zouden ... kunnen 'could' expresses epistemic necessity and epistemic and circumstantial possibility, but not circumstantial necessity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dutch.Modals.waarschijnlijk : Modality.ModalItem

waarschijnlijk 'probably' expresses epistemic necessity and possibility.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dutch.Modals.zalWaarschijnlijk : Modality.ModalItem

zal/zouden waarschijnlijk 'will probably' expresses epistemic necessity.

Equations

• Dutch.Modals.zalWaarschijnlijk = { form := "zal/zouden waarschijnlijk", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.necessity, Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic)} }

def Dutch.Modals.moetEigenlijk : Modality.ModalItem

moet/moeten eigenlijk 'should really' expresses deontic necessity.

Equations

• Dutch.Modals.moetEigenlijk = { form := "moet/moeten eigenlijk", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.necessity, Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic)} }

def Dutch.Modals.misschien : Modality.ModalItem

misschien 'maybe' expresses epistemic possibility.

Equations

• Dutch.Modals.misschien = { form := "misschien", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.possibility, Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic)} }

def Dutch.Modals.magMogen : Modality.ModalItem

mag/mogen 'may' expresses deontic possibility.

Equations

• Dutch.Modals.magMogen = { form := "mag/mogen", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.possibility, Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic)} }

def Dutch.Modals.inventory : List Modality.ModalItem

inventory lists the entries.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Dutch.Modals.independent (m : Modality.ModalItem) : m ∈ inventory → m ≠ zouKunnen → ∀ f ∈ m.forces, ∀ fl ∈ m.flavors, (f, fl) ∈ m.meaning

Every expression but zou/zouden ... kunnen combines each of its forces with each of its flavours.

theorem Dutch.Modals.zouKunnen_not_independent : Modality.ModalForce.necessity ∈ zouKunnen.forces ∧ Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial ∈ zouKunnen.flavors ∧ (Modality.ModalForce.necessity, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial) ∉ zouKunnen.meaning

zou/zouden ... kunnen has a force and a flavour it does not combine, circumstantial necessity.