Buryat Complementizers and Clause-Embedding Verbs

@cite{bondarenko-2022} @cite{bondarenko-2020} @cite{bondarenko-2017}

Modern Barguzin Buryat (Mongolic; Russian Federation) — clause-typing morphology and the matrix verbs that select bare vs. nominalized embedded clauses (@cite{bondarenko-2022} §4.3.1).

Three clause-typing morphemes

• gɔ 'say' — verbal source; @cite{bondarenko-2022} §4.3.1 analyses it as the overt exponent of ContP (the projection introducing the CONT function at the left periphery of Cont-CPs). When gɔ is present, the embedded clause is a Cont-CP.
• -Aːša / -žA — Comp allomorphs of the participial nominaliser (vowel harmony / aspect-conditioned). Closes off a non-finite embedded clause; co-occurs with both Cont-CPs (alongside gɔ) and Sit-CPs (without gɔ).
• The contrast (Cont-CP = with gɔ; Sit-CP = without gɔ) is what makes Buryat the chapter's headline language for the bare/ nominalized cut.

Scope of this Fragment file

Per the project Fragment-discipline rule (textbook-consensus metadata only): this file exposes only the morphological inventory and surface co-occurrence facts. The Bondarenko-specific ContP-bearing projection (bearsContP) lives as a Studies-local projection in Phenomena/Complementation/Studies/Bondarenko2022.lean, not as a field of the morpheme record. Alternative analyses (Knyazev's spanning-complementiser account, Stassen's serial-verb analysis of gɔ) treat the morphology differently; this fragment stays neutral.

Matrix verbs

The verbs that anchor Bondarenko's bare-vs-nominalized arguments:

• xanaxa 'think / remember' — polysemous attitude verb; bare complement = thinking (Cont reading), nominalized complement = remembering (DP-argument reading). Anchors §4.4.3 about-argument.
• boloxo 'happen / become' — change-of-state verb taking situation arguments; bare complement reading.
• medexe 'know' — factive doxastic.
• xelexe 'say' — speech act verb; selects bare gɔ-marked complement.

inductive Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer : Type

The three clause-typing morphemes covered here. Aːša / žA are treated as separate morphemes by their phonological/aspectual distribution; some accounts unify them as allomorphs of a single Comp head.

• gO : BuryatComplementizer

  gɔ — verbal "say"-source; overt exponent of ContP per @cite{bondarenko-2022} §4.3.1. ASCII identifier gO for kernel- reducer compatibility; the form string preserves the unicode.

• aSha : BuryatComplementizer

  -Aːša — participial nominaliser (imperfective/non-future). ASCII identifier aSha for kernel-reducer compatibility.

• zhA : BuryatComplementizer

  -žA — participial nominaliser (perfective/factive). ASCII identifier zhA for kernel-reducer compatibility.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.instDecidableEqBuryatComplementizer : DecidableEq BuryatComplementizer

Equations

• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.instDecidableEqBuryatComplementizer x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.instReprBuryatComplementizer : Repr BuryatComplementizer

Equations

• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.instReprBuryatComplementizer = { reprPrec := Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.instReprBuryatComplementizer.repr }

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.instReprBuryatComplementizer.repr : BuryatComplementizer → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.form : BuryatComplementizer → String

Phonological form (rough Latinisation; vowel-harmony variants abstracted away for citation purposes).

Equations

• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.gO.form = "gɔ"
• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.aSha.form = "-Aːša"
• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.zhA.form = "-žA"

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.isVerbal : BuryatComplementizer → Bool

Whether the morpheme is verbally sourced (vs. nominal/participial). gɔ is verbally sourced (from "say"); the participial nominalisers are not.

Equations

• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.gO.isVerbal = true
• x✝.isVerbal = false

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.isParticipial : BuryatComplementizer → Bool

Whether the morpheme is a participial nominaliser. The split into Aːša / žA by the participial allomorphy follows @cite{bondarenko-2022} §4.3.1.

Equations

• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.aSha.isParticipial = true
• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.zhA.isParticipial = true
• Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.BuryatComplementizer.gO.isParticipial = false

theorem Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.verbal_xor_participial (c : BuryatComplementizer) : c.isVerbal = !c.isParticipial

Sanity check: the verbal/participial axes partition the inventory.

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.xanaxa : Semantics.Lexical.VerbCore

xanaxa — 'think / remember'. Bondarenko's anchor verb for the bare-vs-nominalized argument-structure alternation (@cite{bondarenko-2022} §4.4.3). With bare complement → thinking (Cont reading); with nominalized complement → remembering (DP-argument reading + about-presupposition).

Citation form is the eventive/cognition sense; the polysemy is tracked via altComplementType.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.boloxo : Semantics.Lexical.VerbCore

boloxo — 'happen / become'. Eventive change-of-state verb. Selects situation-typed argument; relevant to §4.3.3 cross- linguistic-occurrence-verb generalization.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.medexe : Semantics.Lexical.VerbCore

medexe — 'know'. Factive doxastic; stative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.xelexe : Semantics.Lexical.VerbCore

xelexe — 'say'. Speech-act verb; selects bare gɔ-marked complement per @cite{bondarenko-2022} §4.3.1.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.stativity_split : xanaxa.vendlerClass = some Features.VendlerClass.activity ∧ boloxo.vendlerClass = some Features.VendlerClass.achievement ∧ medexe.vendlerClass = some Features.VendlerClass.state ∧ xelexe.vendlerClass = some Features.VendlerClass.activity

xanaxa and boloxo are non-stative; medexe is stative. Consensus stativity per Vendler.

theorem Fragments.Buryat.Complementizers.only_xanaxa_alternates : xanaxa.altComplementType.isSome = true ∧ boloxo.altComplementType.isSome = false ∧ medexe.altComplementType.isSome = false ∧ xelexe.altComplementType.isSome = false

xanaxa is the only verb here with two complement frames available (the bare-vs-nominalized alternation Bondarenko exploits in §4.4.3).