Modern Standard Arabic Relativization Fragment #
Two definite-headed RC markers, anchored on [Ryd05] ch. 14 (§14.1–14.4) and cross-checked against [KC77] Table 1:
- alladhī/allatii + no overt subject (Ryding §14.2; K&C -case strategy): the relative pronoun agrees with a definite head in gender, number, and (in the dual) case. The relativized subject position is unfilled.
- alladhī/allatii + resumptive pronoun (Ryding §14.4.1; K&C +case strategy): same relative pronoun introduces the RC; a resumptive personal pronoun (the ʿaaʾid / raajiʿ) appears in the relativized non-subject position.
relMarkers exposes the full Ryding-attested set (4 markers: definite-
headed pair plus indefinite-headed pair from §14.3, §14.4.2 — Ø relative
pronoun, with resumption when relativizing a non-subject). The free
relatives maa / man (Ryding §14.5) are a separate construction
(no head NP) and are not included. Paper-specific subsets (e.g., the
two-marker subset [KC77] Table 1 records) live in
the consuming Studies files, not in this Fragment.
Variety #
The data here is Modern Standard Arabic (ISO arb); other files in
Fragments/Arabic/ (Reference.lean, Pronouns.lean, Morph.lean,
TenseAspect.lean) target Egyptian Arabic (ISO arz). The directory is
already mixed; a future split into Fragments/StandardArabic/ and
Fragments/EgyptianArabic/ would resolve the incoherence.
Relative pronoun alladhī (masc.sg.) / allatii (fem.sg.) — head of a nine-form paradigm marked for number/gender (and, in the dual, case); see [Ryd05] §14.1 Table. Used with definite antecedents (Ryding §14.2). The relativized subject position carries no overt NP — verb agreement on the RC's verb encodes the subject. Per [KC77] this is the language's -case strategy and is restricted to subject relativization.
E.g., "hiya llatii ʾarsalat-i l-duktuur-a" 'she is the one who sent the doctor' (Ryding §14.2).
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- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Relative pronoun alladhī/allatii with a resumptive personal pronoun (the ʿaaʾid) in the relativized position. Used with definite antecedents when the relativized position is the object of a verb or preposition ([Ryd05] §14.4 and §14.4.1). The resumptive pronoun bears case, instantiating [KC77]'s +case strategy. K&C Table 1 records coverage through the full DO–OCOMP range.
E.g., "al-kitaab-u alladhii qaraʾ-naa-hu" 'the book that we read (it)' (Ryding §14.4).
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Indefinite-headed RC, subject relativization. Per [Ryd05] §14.3, "a relative clause may refer to an indefinite noun or noun phrase in the main clause, in which case the relative pronoun is omitted." The relativized subject position is unfilled; the RC's verb encodes the subject via agreement.
E.g., "fii ziyaarat-in li-dimashq-a ta-staghriq-u ʾusbuuʿ-an" 'on a visit to Damascus [which] lasts a week' (Ryding §14.3).
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Instances For
Indefinite-headed RC, non-subject relativization. Per [Ryd05] §14.4.2, "indefinite relative clauses do not include relative pronouns, but they must include a resumptive pronoun if the clause refers back to a noun or noun phrase that is the object of a preposition or a verb." The resumptive pronoun bears case.
Ryding's examples cover direct objects directly. The §14.4.2 "object
of a preposition or a verb" formulation extends to oblique positions
by the same principle; [KC77] Table 1 covers the
full DO–OCOMP range with the resumptive strategy in both definite and
indefinite contexts, and Ryding gives no contrastive restriction. The
positions list reflects this combined Ryding+K&C reading.
E.g., "wa-qaal-a fii muʾtamar-in SiHaafiyy-in ʿaqad-a-hu ʾams-i" 'he said in a press conference [which] he held (it) yesterday' (Ryding §14.4.2).
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The full MSA RC marker inventory per [Ryd05] ch. 14:
definite-headed pair (relAlladhi, relResumptive) plus
indefinite-headed pair (relAsyndeticGap, relAsyndeticResumptive).
The free relatives maa / man of §14.5 are a separate construction
(no head NP) and are not included.
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Arabic relativization profile (WALS-style summary). Subject: no overt element in relativized position; non-subject (definite head): resumptive pronoun ([Ryd05] §14).
`subjStrategy := .gap`: subject relativization uses no overt element
in the relativized position (Ryding §14.2). The resumptive marker
does not cover subject (Ryding gives no resumption-in-SU examples;
K&C confirm SU is gap-only). This matches the convention used for
Welsh and Hebrew, which also pair a SU gap-strategy with a non-SU
resumptive strategy.
`lowestRelativizable := .oblique`: the WALS Ch 122/123 coarse value;
K&C Table 1 records OCOMP coverage. The bridge theorem
`arabic_kc_covers_deeper_than_wals` in
`Studies/KeenanComrie1977.lean` documents
the systematic K&C-vs-WALS asymmetry.