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Linglib.Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.Relativization

Modern Standard Arabic Relativization Fragment #

@cite{keenan-comrie-1977} @cite{ryding-2005}

Two definite-headed RC markers, anchored on @cite{ryding-2005} ch. 14 (§14.1–14.4) and cross-checked against @cite{keenan-comrie-1977} Table 1:

relMarkers exposes the full Ryding-attested set (4 markers: definite- headed pair plus indefinite-headed pair from §14.3, §14.4.2 — Ø relative pronoun, with resumption when relativizing a non-subject). The free relatives maa / man (Ryding §14.5) are a separate construction (no head NP) and are not included. Paper-specific subsets (e.g., the two-marker subset @cite{keenan-comrie-1977} Table 1 records) live in the consuming Studies files, not in this Fragment.

Variety #

The data here is Modern Standard Arabic (ISO arb); other files in Fragments/Arabic/ (Reference.lean, Pronouns.lean, Morph.lean, TenseAspect.lean) target Egyptian Arabic (ISO arz). The directory is already mixed; a future split into Fragments/StandardArabic/ and Fragments/EgyptianArabic/ would resolve the incoherence.

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def Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.relAlladhi :
Core.RelClauseMarker

Relative pronoun alladhī (masc.sg.) / allatii (fem.sg.) — head of a nine-form paradigm marked for number/gender (and, in the dual, case); see @cite{ryding-2005} §14.1 Table. Used with definite antecedents (Ryding §14.2). The relativized subject position carries no overt NP — verb agreement on the RC's verb encodes the subject. Per @cite{keenan-comrie-1977} this is the language's -case strategy and is restricted to subject relativization.

E.g., "hiya llatii ʾarsalat-i l-duktuur-a" 'she is the one who sent the doctor' (Ryding §14.2).

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    def Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.relResumptive :
    Core.RelClauseMarker

    Relative pronoun alladhī/allatii with a resumptive personal pronoun (the ʿaaʾid) in the relativized position. Used with definite antecedents when the relativized position is the object of a verb or preposition (@cite{ryding-2005} §14.4 and §14.4.1). The resumptive pronoun bears case, instantiating @cite{keenan-comrie-1977}'s +case strategy. K&C Table 1 records coverage through the full DO–OCOMP range.

    E.g., "al-kitaab-u alladhii qaraʾ-naa-hu" 'the book that we read (it)' (Ryding §14.4).

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      def Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.relAsyndeticGap :
      Core.RelClauseMarker

      Indefinite-headed RC, subject relativization. Per @cite{ryding-2005} §14.3, "a relative clause may refer to an indefinite noun or noun phrase in the main clause, in which case the relative pronoun is omitted." The relativized subject position is unfilled; the RC's verb encodes the subject via agreement.

      E.g., "fii ziyaarat-in li-dimashq-a ta-staghriq-u ʾusbuuʿ-an" 'on a visit to Damascus [which] lasts a week' (Ryding §14.3).

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        def Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.relAsyndeticResumptive :
        Core.RelClauseMarker

        Indefinite-headed RC, non-subject relativization. Per @cite{ryding-2005} §14.4.2, "indefinite relative clauses do not include relative pronouns, but they must include a resumptive pronoun if the clause refers back to a noun or noun phrase that is the object of a preposition or a verb." The resumptive pronoun bears case.

        Ryding's examples cover direct objects directly. The §14.4.2 "object of a preposition or a verb" formulation extends to oblique positions by the same principle; @cite{keenan-comrie-1977} Table 1 covers the full DO–OCOMP range with the resumptive strategy in both definite and indefinite contexts, and Ryding gives no contrastive restriction. The positions list reflects this combined Ryding+K&C reading.

        E.g., "wa-qaal-a fii muʾtamar-in SiHaafiyy-in ʿaqad-a-hu ʾams-i" 'he said in a press conference [which] he held (it) yesterday' (Ryding §14.4.2).

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          def Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.relMarkers :
          List Core.RelClauseMarker

          The full MSA RC marker inventory per @cite{ryding-2005} ch. 14: definite-headed pair (relAlladhi, relResumptive) plus indefinite-headed pair (relAsyndeticGap, relAsyndeticResumptive). The free relatives maa / man of §14.5 are a separate construction (no head NP) and are not included.

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            def Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.relativization :
            Typology.Relativization.RelativizationProfile

            Arabic relativization profile (WALS-style summary).

            subjStrategy := .gap: subject relativization uses no overt element in the relativized position (Ryding §14.2). The resumptive marker does not cover subject (Ryding gives no resumption-in-SU examples; K&C confirm SU is gap-only). This matches the convention used for Welsh and Hebrew, which also pair a SU gap-strategy with a non-SU resumptive strategy.

            lowestRelativizable := .oblique: the WALS Ch 122/123 coarse value; K&C Table 1 records OCOMP coverage. The bridge theorem arabic_kc_covers_deeper_than_wals in Phenomena/Relativization/Studies/KeenanComrie1977.lean documents the systematic K&C-vs-WALS asymmetry.

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