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Linglib.Fragments.Arabic.ModernStandard.Relativization

Modern Standard Arabic relative clauses #

Modern Standard Arabic relative clauses are definite or indefinite with their antecedent ([Ryd05] ch. 14, pp. 322–325). A definite clause is introduced by the definite relative pronoun alladhii, which agrees with the antecedent in number and gender and, in the dual, in case; an indefinite clause has no relative pronoun. In both, a relativized subject is left unfilled, and the object of a verb or a preposition is resumed by a personal pronoun, the ʿaaʾid 'returner'.

Main declarations #

Implementation notes #

The forms are Ryding's transliterations. The relativizer is indexed by the antecedent's definiteness, which decides only its form: resumption occurs "in definite and indefinite relative clauses" alike (p. 324), so the realization does not depend on it. The relative pronoun agrees with the antecedent, not with the relativized position, so a relativized subject is a gap whichever form the pronoun takes.

Ryding states the resumptive rule for the object of a verb or a preposition (p. 324), which covers the direct object, the indirect object, a second accusative or the object of li- or ʾilaa (p. 70), the oblique, and the object of comparison, the object of the preposition min 'than' (p. 246, p. 378). The genitive is recorded with a resumptive on [KC77]'s Tables 1 and 2 (pp. 76, 93), whose Arabic rows, Classical Arabic in Table 1, agree with Ryding's rule at every position the rule covers.

The free relatives with maa and man (§5, pp. 325–327) have no head noun and are not recorded.

TODO #

Ryding does not treat relativization of a possessor; the genitive wants a page in a grammar of Modern Standard Arabic.

References #

The definite relative pronoun #

source
def Arabic.ModernStandard.relativePronoun :
Number → Gender → Case → List String

The definite relative pronoun, by the number and gender of its antecedent and by case ([Ryd05] p. 322), with the feminine plural's variants allaatii and allawaatii; empty outside the singular, dual and plural and the two genders. The plural is used only of human referents (p. 323).

Equations
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    source
    theorem Arabic.ModernStandard.relativePronoun_ne_iff_dual (n : Number) :
    n ∈ [Number.singular, Number.dual, Number.plural] → ∀ g ∈ [Gender.masculine, Gender.feminine], (∃ (c : Case) (c' : Case), relativePronoun n g c ≠ relativePronoun n g c') ↔ n = Number.dual

    "Only the dual form of the definite relative pronoun shows difference in case" (p. 322).

    source
    theorem Arabic.ModernStandard.relativePronoun_inj (c : Case) (n : Number) :
    n ∈ [Number.singular, Number.dual, Number.plural] → ∀ n' ∈ [Number.singular, Number.dual, Number.plural], ∀ g ∈ [Gender.masculine, Gender.feminine], ∀ g' ∈ [Gender.masculine, Gender.feminine], relativePronoun n g c = relativePronoun n' g' c ↔ n = n' ∧ g = g'

    The forms "are marked for number and gender" (p. 322): in each case, distinct numbers or genders have distinct forms.

    source
    theorem Arabic.ModernStandard.relativePronoun_dual_syncretism (g : Gender) :
    g ∈ [Gender.masculine, Gender.feminine] → ∀ (s : State) (c c' : Case), relativePronoun Number.dual g c = relativePronoun Number.dual g c' ↔ Declension.dual s c = Declension.dual s c'

    The dual relative pronoun merges the genitive and the accusative against the nominative, as the dual declension does (p. 188).

    The relativizer #

    source
    def Arabic.ModernStandard.relativizer (d : Reference.Definiteness) :
    Relativizer

    The relativizer of an antecedent of definiteness d: the definite relative pronoun, cited in the masculine singular, for a definite antecedent (§2, p. 323), and none for an indefinite one (§3, p. 324). A relativized subject is left unfilled, the verb agreeing with it: hiya llatii ʾarsal-at-i l-duktuur-a 'she is the one who sent the doctor' (p. 323), fii ziyaarat-in li-dimashq-a ta-staghriq-u ʾusbuuʿ-an 'on a visit to Damascus [which] lasts a week' (p. 324). In the dual the pronoun takes the antecedent's case, not the relativized position's: in li-l-zawj-ayni lladh-ayni ya-ntaZir-aani 'for the couple who are awaiting' the antecedent is genitive and the relativized position the subject (p. 323). Every lower position is resumed by a personal pronoun, the ʿaaʾid, which "must be inserted" (p. 324): al-kitaab-u lladhii qaraʾ-naa-hu 'the book that we read (it)' (p. 324), wa-qaal-a fii muʾtamar-in SiHaafiyy-in ʿaqad-a-hu ʾams-i 'he said in a press conference [which] he held (it) yesterday' (p. 325).

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