Sells (1987): Aspects of Logophoricity

Sells takes logophoricity apart into three discourse roles, the source, the self and the pivot. A discourse environment says of each role whether the external speaker holds it or someone inside the sentence does, the internal protagonist. A role-oriented form takes as antecedent whoever holds its role, so the protagonist can antecede it exactly where that role is internal: Japanese zibun is oriented to the pivot, Icelandic sig to the self, and the phrases that fool, mysteriously and beloved to the source, the self and the pivot.

Main statements

• le_iff_forall_mem_internal: the hierarchy of roles is the one the table of environments shows, a role lying below another when it is internal wherever the other is.
• exists_internal_eq_iff: the table has exactly the specifications that respect the hierarchy, four of the eight.
• fits_zibun_iff, fits_thatFool_iff, fits_mysteriously_iff, fits_beloved_iff: over the paper's examples the role of each form is the only one that is internal in just the environments where the form goes with the protagonist.
• fits_ye_iff: the source, which the paper suggests for logophoric pronouns, does not fit its Ewe example with a psychological predicate.

Implementation notes

• An environment records only which roles the protagonist holds. The discourse representation structures of the paper are not built, so the difference between a pivot of the matrix clause and one of the embedded clause, which the paper uses for strict and sloppy readings, is not expressed.
• An example enters with the environment the paper assigns it. An adverbial clause in which the speaker takes no one's point of view has no head to specify a role, and is entered with every role external.

TODO

• The claim that role-oriented anaphora is always variable binding.
• The contrast between came and went under a pivot, and English own.
• The subject condition on sig, and Italian proprio.

References

• [Sel87]

Discourse environments

inductive Sells1987.Environment : Type

The discourse environments of the paper's first table.

• directSpeech : Environment

  Direct speech, in which the external speaker holds every role.

• thirdPerson : Environment

  Third-person point of view, in which the speaker reports from where someone in the sentence stands. It arises by construction, as in an adverbial clause, and not from a predicate.

• psychVerb : Environment

  The complement of a psychological verb such as distress, through which the speaker reports the state of mind of someone in the sentence.

• logophoricVerb : Environment

  The complement of a verb of communication such as say, the fully logophoric case.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Sells1987.instDecidableEqEnvironment : DecidableEq Environment

Equations

• Sells1987.instDecidableEqEnvironment x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Sells1987.instFintypeEnvironment : Fintype Environment

Equations

• Sells1987.instFintypeEnvironment = { elems := { val := ↑Sells1987.Environment.enumList, nodup := Sells1987.Environment.enumList_nodup }, complete := Sells1987.instFintypeEnvironment._proof_1 }

def Sells1987.instReprEnvironment.repr : Environment → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Sells1987.instReprEnvironment : Repr Environment

Equations

• Sells1987.instReprEnvironment = { reprPrec := Sells1987.instReprEnvironment.repr }

def Sells1987.Environment.internal : Environment → Finset Reference.LogophoricRole

The roles an environment predicates of the internal protagonist, the rest being the external speaker's.

Equations

• Sells1987.Environment.directSpeech.internal = ∅
• Sells1987.Environment.thirdPerson.internal = {Reference.LogophoricRole.pivot}
• Sells1987.Environment.psychVerb.internal = {Reference.LogophoricRole.pivot, Reference.LogophoricRole.self}
• Sells1987.Environment.logophoricVerb.internal = {Reference.LogophoricRole.pivot, Reference.LogophoricRole.self, Reference.LogophoricRole.source}

theorem Sells1987.le_iff_forall_mem_internal {r r' : Reference.LogophoricRole} : r ≤ r' ↔ ∀ (e : Environment), r' ∈ e.internal → r ∈ e.internal

The hierarchy of roles is the one the table shows, r lying below r' when r is internal in every environment in which r' is.

theorem Sells1987.exists_internal_eq_iff {s : Finset Reference.LogophoricRole} : (∃ (e : Environment), e.internal = s) ↔ IsLowerSet ↑s

The table has exactly the role specifications that respect the hierarchy.

theorem Sells1987.Environment.pivot_mem_internal_iff {e : Environment} : Reference.LogophoricRole.pivot ∈ e.internal ↔ e ≠ directSpeech

A form oriented to the pivot goes with the protagonist wherever there is one.

theorem Sells1987.Environment.self_mem_internal_iff {e : Environment} : Reference.LogophoricRole.self ∈ e.internal ↔ e = psychVerb ∨ e = logophoricVerb

A form oriented to the self goes with the protagonist under a psychological verb or a verb of saying. It does not under third-person point of view, the one environment an adverbial clause offers, which is why sig is not bound into an adverbial clause where zibun is.

theorem Sells1987.Environment.source_mem_internal_iff {e : Environment} : Reference.LogophoricRole.source ∈ e.internal ↔ e = logophoricVerb

A form oriented to the source goes with the protagonist under a verb of saying alone. The paper suggests this orientation for the logophoric pronouns of Ewe and Tuburi, whose complementizer derives from 'say'.

The examples

def Sells1987.environment? (d : Datum) : Option Environment

The environment the paper assigns an example.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Sells1987.examplesOf (key value : String) : List Datum

The examples the paper gives of the pronoun or the discourse-oriented phrase value.

Equations

• Sells1987.examplesOf key value = List.filter (fun (x : Datum) => decide (x.feature? key = some value)) Sells1987.Examples.all

def Sells1987.Fits (obs : Datum → Prop) (rows : List Datum) (r : Reference.LogophoricRole) : Prop

A role fits an observation on some examples when each has an environment and the observation holds of exactly those in whose environment the role is internal.

Equations

• Sells1987.Fits obs rows r = ∀ d ∈ rows, ∃ e ∈ Sells1987.environment? d, obs d ↔ r ∈ e.internal

@[instance_reducible]

instance Sells1987.instDecidableFitsOfDecidablePredDatum {r : Reference.LogophoricRole} (obs : Datum → Prop) [DecidablePred obs] (rows : List Datum) : Decidable (Fits obs rows r)

Equations

• Sells1987.instDecidableFitsOfDecidablePredDatum obs rows = Sells1987.instDecidableFitsOfDecidablePredDatum._aux_1 obs rows

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev Sells1987.Bound (d : Datum) : Prop

The pronoun of the example has the internal protagonist as antecedent, the indexing the paper judges.

Equations

• Sells1987.Bound d = (d.judgment = Judgment.acceptable)

def Sells1987.OfProtagonist (d : Datum) : Prop

The discourse-oriented phrase of the example can be understood from the side of the internal protagonist.

Equations

• Sells1987.OfProtagonist d = (("internal protagonist", Judgment.acceptable) ∈ d.readings)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Sells1987.instDecidablePredDatumOfProtagonist : DecidablePred OfProtagonist

Equations

• Sells1987.instDecidablePredDatumOfProtagonist x✝ = { decide := decide (List.elem ("internal protagonist", Judgment.acceptable) x✝.readings = true), reflects_decide := ⋯ }

theorem Sells1987.fits_zibun_iff {r : Reference.LogophoricRole} : Fits Bound (examplesOf "pronoun" "zibun") r ↔ r = Reference.LogophoricRole.pivot

The pivot is the one role that fits the binding of Japanese zibun. The protagonist binds it under verbs of saying and psychological verbs, negated or not, and in adverbial clauses reported from the protagonist's point of view, but not in a when clause, which does not invite that point of view.

theorem Sells1987.fits_thatFool_iff {r : Reference.LogophoricRole} : Fits OfProtagonist (examplesOf "diagnostic" "that fool") r ↔ r = Reference.LogophoricRole.source

The source is the one role that fits that fool, an evaluation that can be the protagonist's under a verb of saying alone.

theorem Sells1987.fits_mysteriously_iff {r : Reference.LogophoricRole} : Fits OfProtagonist (examplesOf "diagnostic" "mysteriously") r ↔ r = Reference.LogophoricRole.self

The self is the one role that fits mysteriously, where the mystery is the protagonist's under a verb of saying or a psychological verb and the speaker's under third-person point of view.

theorem Sells1987.fits_beloved_iff {r : Reference.LogophoricRole} : Fits OfProtagonist (examplesOf "diagnostic" "beloved") r ↔ r = Reference.LogophoricRole.pivot

The pivot is the one role that fits beloved, which goes with the protagonist in all three environments.

theorem Sells1987.fits_sig : Fits Bound (examplesOf "pronoun" Icelandic.Reciprocals.sig.form) Reference.LogophoricRole.self

The self fits the binding of Icelandic sig, which is bound from the complement of a verb of saying, also across an adverbial clause inside it, and not from an adverbial clause of the matrix. These examples do not tell the self from the other roles. The paper chooses it because sig is never bound into an adverbial clause, where at most the pivot is internal (Environment.self_mem_internal_iff).

theorem Sells1987.fits_ye_iff {r : Reference.LogophoricRole} : Fits Bound (examplesOf "pronoun" Ewe.Pronouns.ye.form) r ↔ r ≠ Reference.LogophoricRole.source

The source does not fit the Ewe logophoric pronoun yè, which appears under 'say' and also under a psychological predicate, where the source is the external speaker's. The paper remarks of such examples that the self is relevant beside the source, and later suggests the source as the orientation of logophoric pronouns.