Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective

Chapter 3 orders the clausal functional heads pair by pair, each pair from the order of suffixes, particles or auxiliaries in some languages, and recapitulates the pairs in §3.6; by transitivity they give a single order, the first approximation (96). An order extends a list of pairs when it puts the first head of each pair above the second. (96) extends the recapitulated pairs, but they do not fix it: they leave celerative and completive aspect unordered with retrospective through prospective aspect (95), and an order that puts these below perfect aspect but above retrospective aspect extends them too. (96) moves root modality from above perfect aspect, where the suffix order (19) puts it, to the level of prospective aspect. The second approximation (92), Cartography.Head, extends the pairs and (19), root modality aside, once the split heads are identified, except that it puts the lower completive below the lower repetitive and frequentative aspects, the conflict between Fula and Italian that Cinque leaves open (§4.27): no choice among the split heads of (92) keeps the chain of perfect, celerative, completive and repetitive aspect.

Implementation notes

• The heads are those of (96). A position of a stated order may hold several heads, ordered by neither ("/" in (19) and (96)).
• The pairs are the headings of §3.6, with the orders of Fula and Navajo below (95), of (30) and n. 61 for durative aspect, of the auxiliaries (21) and Thai (93) for Voice. Cinque flags two as without evidence, irrealis mood above habitual aspect and perfect above retrospective aspect; the heading prospective above completive aspect, which the corpus does not determine, and retrospective above durative aspect, placed "without real evidence", are left out.
• No pair of §3.6 places root modality among the aspects; its move below them in (96) follows the remark opening §3.6 that the Turkish suffix -Ebil is permission or ability in its lower position. (92) places none of the ability and obligation modals of the chapter's data, so the comparison with (92) leaves root modality out.
• (96) prints no > between Voice and celerative aspect at a line break; the reading supplies it, as Fula's V-COMPLETIVE-CELERATIVE-VOICE does. The celerative and completive of (95) are those of (92) below Voice, as §4.25 and §4.26 identify them; repetitive and iterative aspect are the lower repetitive and frequentative.

References

• Cinque 1999, Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective