Charnavel and Mateu 2015: the clitic logophoric restriction

This file formalizes the reanalysis of the Romance clitic-cluster restriction in [CM15b]. Earlier work took the restriction on accusative clitics to be a binding condition; a grammaticality experiment with French and Spanish speakers finds instead that what degrades a cluster is the accusative clitic corefering with a logophoric center, whether or not the antecedent c-commands it.

The account gives three logophoric centers — discourse participant, empathy locus, attitude holder ([Sel87], [Kun87]) — each a subset of a three-feature space, arranged so that neighbours on the hierarchy share a feature and the two ends do not. Two centers in one domain clash exactly when they share a feature, which makes the Person Case Constraint and the clitic logophoric restriction one mechanism at two places on the hierarchy: a discourse participant with an empathy locus, and an empathy locus with an attitude holder. A discourse participant with an attitude holder is the one licit pair.

Main definitions

• LogoCenter, LogoFeature, LogoCenter.features — the hierarchy and its feature subsets
• Clash, Antilogophoric — two centers sharing a feature, and a domain containing such a pair
• dativeCenter, accusativeCenter — the center a Spanish clitic realizes, from its person
• Condition, predictsUngrammatical — the experiment's crossed factors and the prediction

Main results

• not_clash_iff — the only licit pair is the two ends of the hierarchy, which is what unifies the Person Case Constraint with the clitic logophoric restriction
• c_command_irrelevant — the prediction does not read c-command
• spanish_le_lo_de_se_clash, spanish_le_me_clash, spanish_me_lo_de_se_licit — the Spanish clusters, with each clitic's center read off its person feature

References

• [CM15b]
• [Sel87]
• [Kun87]

The logophoric centers

inductive CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter : Type

Three types of logophoric center, ordered by degree of perspective integration in the discourse (paper eq. 54: discourse participant > empathy locus > attitude holder).

• discourseParticipant : LogoCenter

  Speaker / addressee — directly defining the discourse.

• empathyLocus : LogoCenter

  Event participant the speaker empathizes with (Kuno's empathy locus). In Romance, typically the 3rd-person dative clitic.

• attitudeHolder : LogoCenter

  Attitude holder whose thoughts/discourse are reported. In Romance, typically a 3rd-person accusative clitic read de se.

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqLogoCenter : DecidableEq LogoCenter

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqLogoCenter x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoCenter.repr : LogoCenter → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoCenter : Repr LogoCenter

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoCenter = { reprPrec := CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoCenter.repr }

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instFintypeLogoCenter : Fintype LogoCenter

Equations

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The feature system

inductive CharnavelMateu2015.LogoFeature : Type

The three abstract logophoric features. B expresses the speaker-component (shared by discourse participants and empathy loci); C expresses perspectival distance from the speaker (shared by empathy loci and attitude holders).

• A : LogoFeature
• B : LogoFeature
• C : LogoFeature

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqLogoFeature : DecidableEq LogoFeature

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqLogoFeature x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoFeature : Repr LogoFeature

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoFeature = { reprPrec := CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoFeature.repr }

def CharnavelMateu2015.instReprLogoFeature.repr : LogoFeature → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

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@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instFintypeLogoFeature : Fintype LogoFeature

Equations

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def CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.features : LogoCenter → Finset LogoFeature

Feature decomposition (paper eq. 63).

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.discourseParticipant.features = {CharnavelMateu2015.LogoFeature.A, CharnavelMateu2015.LogoFeature.B}
• CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.empathyLocus.features = {CharnavelMateu2015.LogoFeature.B, CharnavelMateu2015.LogoFeature.C}
• CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.attitudeHolder.features = {CharnavelMateu2015.LogoFeature.C}

Antilogophoric clash

def CharnavelMateu2015.Clash (x y : LogoCenter) : Prop

Two centers clash iff their feature sets share at least one feature. Equivalent to "identical or adjacent on the hierarchy" (paper eq. 54).

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.Clash x y = (x.features ∩ y.features).Nonempty

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableClash (x y : LogoCenter) : Decidable (Clash x y)

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableClash x y = { decide := decide (∃ a ∈ x.features ∩ y.features, true = true), reflects_decide := ⋯ }

def CharnavelMateu2015.Antilogophoric (centers : List LogoCenter) : Prop

C&M's antilogophoric intervention (paper §3.5.2, generalising eq. 64): a configuration of logophoric centers in a single domain is antilogophoric iff some pair of distinct centers clash.

Note: a single center never clashes with itself in this formulation — the "identical centers" case of (54) corresponds to multiple positions bearing the same center type, not the abstract type clashing with itself. We model the multi-position case with a List.

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.Antilogophoric centers = ∃ (i : Fin centers.length) (j : Fin centers.length), i ≠ j ∧ CharnavelMateu2015.Clash centers[i] centers[j]

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableAntilogophoric (centers : List LogoCenter) : Decidable (Antilogophoric centers)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem CharnavelMateu2015.not_clash_iff (x y : LogoCenter) : ¬Clash x y ↔ x = LogoCenter.discourseParticipant ∧ y = LogoCenter.attitudeHolder ∨ x = LogoCenter.attitudeHolder ∧ y = LogoCenter.discourseParticipant

Two centers clash unless they are the two ends of the hierarchy: a discourse participant and an attitude holder share no feature, and every other pair does. The Person Case Constraint (a discourse participant with an empathy locus) and the clitic logophoric restriction (an empathy locus with an attitude holder) are the two clashing neighbour pairs.

The experiment's conditions

structure CharnavelMateu2015.Condition : Type

A test condition in C&M's grammaticality experiment, parameterised by the three crossed factors (paper Table 1). The 9 conditions enumerate {c-command, no c-command} × {logophoric centre as antecedent, not} × {3.dat dative clitic, 1/2.dat dative clitic}, dropping the "bound 3" sub-case (their condition 3) for which they collapse the same prediction as condition 1.

• cCommandingAntecedent : Bool

  Does the antecedent c-command the accusative clitic?

• logoCenterAntecedent : Bool

  Is the antecedent a logophoric centre (attitude holder)?

• dative3rdPerson : Bool

  Is the dative clitic a 3rd-person form (an empathy locus)?

def CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqCondition.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Condition) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqCondition : DecidableEq Condition

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqCondition = CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidableEqCondition.decEq

def CharnavelMateu2015.instReprCondition.repr : Condition → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instReprCondition : Repr Condition

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instReprCondition = { reprPrec := CharnavelMateu2015.instReprCondition.repr }

def CharnavelMateu2015.predictsUngrammatical (c : Condition) : Prop

C&M's hypothesis (paper §2.1): a sentence is ungrammatical iff the antecedent of the accusative clitic is a logophoric centre AND the dative clitic is 3rd person. C-command is not the relevant factor (contra Bhatt & Šimík).

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.predictsUngrammatical c = (c.logoCenterAntecedent = true ∧ c.dative3rdPerson = true)

@[instance_reducible]

instance CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidablePredictsUngrammatical (c : Condition) : Decidable (predictsUngrammatical c)

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.instDecidablePredictsUngrammatical c = { decide := decide (c.logoCenterAntecedent = true) && decide (c.dative3rdPerson = true), reflects_decide := ⋯ }

theorem CharnavelMateu2015.c_command_irrelevant (logoCenter dative3rd : Bool) : predictsUngrammatical { cCommandingAntecedent := true, logoCenterAntecedent := logoCenter, dative3rdPerson := dative3rd } ↔ predictsUngrammatical { cCommandingAntecedent := false, logoCenterAntecedent := logoCenter, dative3rdPerson := dative3rd }

The hypothesis does not read c-command, which is the experiment's finding: the conditions that degraded were exactly those with a logophoric-center antecedent and a third-person dative, whether or not the antecedent c-commanded the accusative clitic.

The Spanish clusters

Each clitic's logophoric center is read off its person feature: a dative is a discourse participant when it is first or second person and an empathy locus when it is third; an accusative is a discourse participant when it is first or second person, and a third-person one is an attitude holder exactly on its de se reading.

def CharnavelMateu2015.dativeCenter : Person → LogoCenter

The center a dative clitic realizes.

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.dativeCenter Person.third = CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.empathyLocus
• CharnavelMateu2015.dativeCenter x✝ = CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.discourseParticipant

def CharnavelMateu2015.accusativeCenter : Person → Bool → LogoCenter

The center an accusative clitic realizes, given whether it is read de se.

Equations

• CharnavelMateu2015.accusativeCenter Person.third true = CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.attitudeHolder
• CharnavelMateu2015.accusativeCenter Person.third false = CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.empathyLocus
• CharnavelMateu2015.accusativeCenter x✝¹ x✝ = CharnavelMateu2015.LogoCenter.discourseParticipant

theorem CharnavelMateu2015.spanish_le_lo_de_se_clash : ∃ io ∈ Spanish.Clitics.le.person, ∃ do_ ∈ Spanish.Clitics.lo.person, Clash (dativeCenter io) (accusativeCenter do_ true)

Se lo (underlyingly le lo), a third-person dative with a de se third-person accusative, is the clitic logophoric restriction's configuration: empathy locus with attitude holder.

theorem CharnavelMateu2015.spanish_le_me_clash : ∃ io ∈ Spanish.Clitics.le.person, ∃ do_ ∈ Spanish.Clitics.me_acc.person, Clash (dativeCenter io) (accusativeCenter do_ false)

Le me, a third-person dative with a first-person accusative, is the Person Case Constraint's configuration: empathy locus with discourse participant.

theorem CharnavelMateu2015.spanish_me_lo_de_se_licit : ∃ io ∈ Spanish.Clitics.me_dat.person, ∃ do_ ∈ Spanish.Clitics.lo.person, ¬Clash (dativeCenter io) (accusativeCenter do_ true)

Me lo is licit even on the de se reading: a first-person dative is a discourse participant, and that is the one center an attitude holder does not clash with.