Projection from heads #
Every phrase-structure framework designates in each headed constituent one daughter as its head,
and a phrase is a projection of the head reached from it through head daughters. The frameworks
differ in how they find the head daughter, so here a head relation H is a parameter, H m d
saying that d is the head daughter of m. The levels of projection are derived, as relational
properties of nodes rather than parts of their labels: a node is a maximal projection when it is
no node's head daughter and a minimal projection when it has no head daughter.
Adjunction makes no new category. The head relation splits into projection P and adjunction
A, where A m d says that m is a further segment of the category of its host d, as in May's
multimembered projections and Chomsky's two-segment categories. A category dominates what all its
segments dominate and excludes what none of them dominates, a category is maximal when no segment
of it projects further, and Barker and Pullum's MAX-command is generated by the maximal
categories, each read at its lowest segment. Without adjunction these are the maximal
projections, and an adjunct to a maximal category commands out of it.
On the positions of a rose tree a head relation is given by the index of each position's head daughter, which makes projection, the levels, categories and the maximal projection decidable.
Main definitions #
PhraseStructure.IsProjectionOf: the reflexive-transitive closure of the head relation.PhraseStructure.IsMaximalProjection,PhraseStructure.IsMinimalProjection,PhraseStructure.IsLexicalHeadOf.PhraseStructure.segments,PhraseStructure.Includes,PhraseStructure.Excludes,PhraseStructure.Contains: the segments of a category and what it dominates.PhraseStructure.IsMaximalCategory,PhraseStructure.maximalProjections,PhraseStructure.maxCommand: maximal categories and MAX-command from them.PhraseStructure.headDaughterRel,PhraseStructure.maximalProjectionAt,PhraseStructure.projectionIndex,PhraseStructure.adjunctionIndex: head relations from head-daughter indices on tree positions.
Main results #
PhraseStructure.isLeast_projections_iff,PhraseStructure.exists_isLeast_projections: the maximal projection of a node is the least of its projections, and it exists.PhraseStructure.isChain_segments,PhraseStructure.includes_iff,PhraseStructure.excludes_iff: the segments of a category form a chain, so inclusion is decided at the lowest segment and exclusion at the top.PhraseStructure.not_includes_of_covBy,PhraseStructure.maxCommand_adjunct: an adjunct is not included in the category it adjoins to, and it MAX-commands out of it.PhraseStructure.mem_maxCommand_iff_le: the MAX-command domain of a node that projects further is the cone of the lowest segment of its maximal category.PhraseStructure.IsLexicalHeadOf.unique: along a functional head relation a node has one lexical head.PhraseStructure.isLeast_maximalProjectionAt:maximalProjectionAtcomputes the maximal projection.
Implementation notes #
A minimal projection is a node with no head daughter, so on a tree whose phrases are not all
headed, an exocentric node is minimal as well; on an endocentric tree the minimal projections are
the leaves. A leaf that is not its mother's head daughter, such as a pronoun standing for a noun
phrase, is minimal and maximal at once. Lasnik and Saito's alternative, on which adjunction makes
a further maximal projection, is node-level maximality IsMaximalProjection P on the same
relations.
References #
IsProjectionOf H h p says that p is a projection of h, that is, h is reached from p
through head daughters.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.IsProjectionOf H h p = Relation.ReflTransGen H p h
Instances For
A node is a maximal projection when it projects no further, being no node's head daughter.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.IsMaximalProjection H p = ∀ (m : α), ¬H m p
Instances For
A node is a minimal projection when it is no projection, having no head daughter.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.IsMinimalProjection H p = ∀ (d : α), ¬H p d
Instances For
h is the lexical head of p when p projects from h and h is a minimal projection.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.IsLexicalHeadOf H h p = (PhraseStructure.IsProjectionOf H h p ∧ PhraseStructure.IsMinimalProjection H h)
Instances For
A maximal projection is a projection of nothing but itself.
Along a functional head relation a node has one lexical head.
A projection dominates what it projects from.
Projection lines are intervals, so everything between a projection and its head is a projection of the head.
Of two projections of one head, the higher is reached from the lower through head daughters.
A projection of h below another one is a head daughter.
The maximal projection of h is the least of its projections.
Every node has a maximal projection.
Segments and categories #
An adjunction relation A, with A m d saying that m is the segment of a category immediately
above its host d, groups nodes into categories: the segments of a category are the nodes joined
by adjunction steps. A category dominates what every one of its segments dominates and excludes
what none of them dominates; the segments of a category form a chain, so domination by the
category is domination by its lowest segment.
The segments of the category of x are the nodes joined to x by adjunction steps.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.segments A x = {y : α | Relation.EqvGen A x y}
Instances For
Without adjunction every category has one segment.
The category of x includes y when every segment of it dominates y.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.Includes A x y = ∀ s ∈ PhraseStructure.segments A x, s ≤ y
Instances For
The category of x excludes y when no segment of it dominates y.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.Excludes A x y = ∀ s ∈ PhraseStructure.segments A x, ¬s ≤ y
Instances For
The category of x contains y when some segment of it dominates y.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.Contains A x y = ∃ s ∈ PhraseStructure.segments A x, s ≤ y
Instances For
The category an adjunct adjoins to contains it.
On a left-linear order a node covers at most one node: it has one mother.
Two distinct daughters of one mother are incomparable.
An adjunction relation on a left-linear order has unique mothers.
A segment lies above or below every segment of its category.
The segments of a category form a chain.
A category includes what the segments at or below x dominate, since those above dominate
whatever x does.
A category excludes what no segment at or above x dominates.
In the form that decides it, inclusion says that x dominates y and that every segment below
x that dominates y hands that on to its host.
An adjunct is not included in the category it adjoins to, since the host segment does not dominate it.
Maximal categories and MAX-command #
With projection P and adjunction A the head relation is P ⊔ A. A category is maximal when no
segment of it projects further, and MAX-command is generated by the maximal categories, each read
at its lowest segment, the one whose domination is the category's. Without adjunction these are
the maximal projections.
A category is maximal when none of its segments projects further.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.IsMaximalCategory P A x = ∀ s ∈ PhraseStructure.segments A x, PhraseStructure.IsMaximalProjection P s
Instances For
The maximal projections, which generate MAX-command, are the lowest segments of the maximal categories.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.maximalProjections P A = {x : α | PhraseStructure.IsMinimalProjection A x ∧ PhraseStructure.IsMaximalCategory P A x}
Instances For
Without adjunction a maximal category is a maximal projection.
Along the head relation from the lowest segment of a maximal category, no node below is another maximal category: the path would leave the first category by a projection step.
MAX-command is generated by the maximal categories.
Equations
Instances For
An adjunct to a maximal category MAX-commands out of it, while what the category dominates does not MAX-command the adjunct.
Only the segments at or above a node decide whether its category is maximal, since a segment with a host is no node's projection daughter.
A node that projects to the lowest segment b of a maximal category MAX-commands exactly what
b dominates.
Head daughters at tree positions #
headDaughterRel hd m d says that d is the daughter of m at the index hd m.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.headDaughterRel hd m d = ∃ (i : ℕ), hd m = some i ∧ d.toList = m.toList ++ [i]
Instances For
Equations
- PhraseStructure.instDecidableRelTreePathHeadDaughterRel hd m d = match h : hd m with | none => isFalse ⋯ | some i => decidable_of_iff (d.toList = m.toList ++ [i]) ⋯
Equations
- PhraseStructure.instDecidableIsMinimalProjectionTreePathHeadDaughterRel hd p = decidable_of_iff (hd p = none) ⋯
Equations
- PhraseStructure.instDecidableIsMaximalProjectionTreePathHeadDaughterRel hd p = decidable_of_iff (¬PhraseStructure.headDaughterRel hd p.parent p) ⋯
p is a projection of h exactly when it dominates h and every position strictly below
p down to h is the head daughter of its parent.
Equations
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The maximal projection of h is its shortest prefix that is a projection of it.
Equations
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Instances For
maximalProjectionAt hd h is the least projection of h.
Projection and adjunction at positions #
The head daughter of a position that is not a segment, a projection step.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.projectionIndex hd seg p = if seg p then none else hd p
Instances For
The head daughter of a segment, its host.
Equations
- PhraseStructure.adjunctionIndex hd seg p = if seg p then hd p else none
Instances For
The head relation is projection together with adjunction.
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