Documentation

Linglib.Syntax.ArgumentStructure.Reciprocal

Reciprocal constructions: morphosyntactic typology #

[Nor23]

The reciprocal-construction typology (WALS Ch 106 + [Nor23]'s synthesis of König & Kokutani 2006, Nedjalkov 2007a, Evans 2008, and Siloni 2008/2012): how a language encodes reciprocity relative to reflexives, the morphosyntactic locus of the marking, its valency effect, and where reciprocal verbs are formed. Graduated from the dissolved Typology/ArgumentStructure drawer (whose unconsumed passive/antipassive/applicative/causative/ditransitive apparatus was dropped); consumed by [Nor23] and Siloni 2012.

Main definitions #

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inductive Reciprocal.ReciprocalType :
Type

WALS Ch 106: How reciprocal situations are encoded relative to reflexives.

The four values follow [MN13]'s classification:

  • noDedicated: "There are no non-iconic reciprocal constructions" -- the language lacks a dedicated grammatical reciprocal marker.
  • distinctFromReflexive: "All reciprocal constructions are formally distinct from reflexive constructions" (e.g. English "each other" vs "themselves").
  • mixed: "There are both reflexive and non-reflexive reciprocal constructions" -- the language has both a reflexive-identical strategy and a formally distinct one (e.g. German "sich" + "einander"). Common in Europe.
  • identicalToReflexive: "The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical" (e.g. Imbabura Quechua "-ri", West Greenlandic "-ssin-").
Instances For
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    @[implicit_reducible]
    instance Reciprocal.instDecidableEqReciprocalType :
    DecidableEq ReciprocalType
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    @[implicit_reducible]
    instance Reciprocal.instReprReciprocalType :
    Repr ReciprocalType
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    def Reciprocal.instReprReciprocalType.repr :
    ReciprocalType → Nat → Std.Format
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      @[implicit_reducible]
      instance Reciprocal.instInhabitedReciprocalType :
      Inhabited ReciprocalType
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      inductive Reciprocal.RecipStrategy :
      Type

      Morphosyntactic strategy for encoding reciprocity.

      [Nor23] summarizes the structural typologies of König & Kokutani (2006), Nedjalkov (2007a), and Evans (2008), which classify reciprocal constructions by the morphosyntactic locus of the reciprocal marking:

      • bipartiteNP: Bipartite quantifier NP -- English "each other", Icelandic "hvor...annad" (two independently inflected parts).
      • recipPronoun: Reciprocal pronoun -- Russian "drug druga", Hausa "jùnan-mù". Free-standing pronominal form in object position.
      • recipClitic: Reciprocal clitic -- French/Czech "se", Wambaya "-ngg-" (RR morpheme in auxiliary). Intermediate between pronoun and affix; functionally verbal (valence-reducing in most cases, though Wambaya retains bivalent syntax via ergative case).
      • verbalAffix: Morphological marking on the verb -- Swahili "-ana", Hungarian "-oz-", Chicheŵa "-an-". Derives an intransitive (monovalent) verb from a transitive base.
      • verbalAuxiliary: Reciprocal auxiliary -- Warrwa "wanji-" replaces the regular transitive auxiliary.
      • lexical: Inherently reciprocal predicate -- English "quarrel", "meet". The symmetric meaning is part of the verb's lexical semantics.
      • compoundVerb: Compound verb -- Mandarin "dǎ-lái-dǎ-qù" (beat-come-beat-go = 'beat each other').
      Instances For
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        @[implicit_reducible]
        instance Reciprocal.instDecidableEqRecipStrategy :
        DecidableEq RecipStrategy
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        def Reciprocal.instReprRecipStrategy.repr :
        RecipStrategy → Nat → Std.Format
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          @[implicit_reducible]
          instance Reciprocal.instReprRecipStrategy :
          Repr RecipStrategy
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          def Reciprocal.RecipStrategy.isNominal :
          RecipStrategy → Bool

          Whether the strategy marks the NP/argument position (nominal strategy) or the verb/predicate (verbal strategy). König & Kokutani (2006)'s primary typological distinction.

          Clitics are classified as non-nominal: Evans (2008) treats them as intermediate, but their valence behavior is typically verbal -- French/Czech "se" reduces valence (monovalent), and even Wambaya "-ngg-" is morphologically bound to the auxiliary.

          Equations
          Instances For
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            inductive Reciprocal.RecipValency :
            Type

            Valency effect of reciprocal construction on the base predicate.

            Maslova (2008) distinguishes "unary" and "binary" reciprocals; [Nor23] discusses how NP/argument strategies tend to preserve valency while verb-marked strategies tend to reduce it. The correlation is a tendency, not absolute -- Malagasy verb-marked reciprocals retain full valency at f-structure (Hurst 2006, 2012).

            Instances For
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              @[implicit_reducible]
              instance Reciprocal.instDecidableEqRecipValency :
              DecidableEq RecipValency
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              @[implicit_reducible]
              instance Reciprocal.instReprRecipValency :
              Repr RecipValency
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              def Reciprocal.instReprRecipValency.repr :
              RecipValency → Nat → Std.Format
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                inductive Reciprocal.RecipFormation :
                Type

                Where reciprocal verbs are formed, per Siloni (2008, 2012).

                [Nor23] discusses Siloni's distinction:

                • lexical: formed in the lexicon through "bundling" -- two thematic roles (agent, patient) merge into a single complex role. Produces verbs with inherently symmetric semantics. Can license discontinuous reciprocal constructions (subject + comitative argument).
                • syntactic: formed in the syntax via an operation that creates the symmetric reading. Cannot license discontinuous reciprocals.

                Key empirical prediction: discontinuous reciprocals ("John kissed with Mary") are possible only with lexically-formed reciprocal verbs.

                Instances For
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                  @[implicit_reducible]
                  instance Reciprocal.instDecidableEqRecipFormation :
                  DecidableEq RecipFormation
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                  def Reciprocal.instReprRecipFormation.repr :
                  RecipFormation → Nat → Std.Format
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                    @[implicit_reducible]
                    instance Reciprocal.instReprRecipFormation :
                    Repr RecipFormation
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                    def Reciprocal.RecipFormation.allowsDiscontinuous :
                    RecipFormation → Bool

                    Can the reciprocal construction appear in discontinuous form (reciprocants split across subject and comitative argument)? [Nor23] §3.3.

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                      WALS converter #

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                      def Reciprocal.fromWALS106A :
                      Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType → ReciprocalType

                      Convert WALS 106A value to ReciprocalType.

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