Landau (2015): A Two-Tiered Theory of Control

[Lan15] [Lan04a] [Lan13]

MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02885-1.

The TTC's own apparatus — the predicative/logophoric Tier, the eight PredicateClasses, and their tier assignment — is defined here, mapped into the neutral vocabulary by Tier.mechanism (Control.Mechanism); the finiteness scale it consumes is Control.ClauseClass (Syntax/Control/Head.lean). The file holds the book's empirical engagement: the table (80) contrasts, the de se/de te split in object control (table (36)), the derivation of predicate classes from English Fragment verb entries, and the consilience bridge to [Noo07]'s CTP classification.

Main results

• Table80Row with the two availability columns: the six empirical contrasts of table (80), a perfect split between the tiers (table80_complementary); the mechanism rows cite their Control.IsSaturating derivations
• objectControlReading: psychological → de se, communicative → de te (table (36))
• derivedLandauClass / derivedControlTier: predicate classes derived from Fragment verb fields rather than stored
• ctpToControlTier / ctpToLandauClass: Noonan CTP classes mapped to the TTC, with the tier-consistency theorem

The two tiers

inductive Landau2015.Tier : Type

The two tiers of obligatory control.

Predicative control (EC complements): selected by nonattitude predicates; PRO moves to Spec,Fin and control is syntactic predication; forces exhaustive control.

Logophoric control (PC complements): selected by attitude predicates; C^OC projects a perspectival coordinate and control is predication + variable binding; allows partial control and forces an attitude-holder-bound reading — de se under subject and psych-object control, de te under communicative object control (table (36), objectControlReading).

• predicative : Tier

  Predicative control: nonattitude, predication only

• logophoric : Tier

  Logophoric control: attitude, predication + variable binding

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqTier : DecidableEq Tier

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqTier x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprTier : Repr Tier

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprTier = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprTier.repr }

def Landau2015.instReprTier.repr : Tier → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprTier.repr Landau2015.Tier.predicative prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Landau2015.Tier.predicative")).group prec✝
• Landau2015.instReprTier.repr Landau2015.Tier.logophoric prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Landau2015.Tier.logophoric")).group prec✝

def Landau2015.Tier.isAttitude : Tier → Bool

Logophoric control corresponds to attitude complements.

Equations

• Landau2015.Tier.predicative.isAttitude = false
• Landau2015.Tier.logophoric.isAttitude = true

def Landau2015.Tier.mechanism : Tier → Control.Mechanism

Each tier's dependency mechanism, in the neutral vocabulary (Control.Mechanism): predication shares the referent; logophoric control composes a binding leg over predication.

Equations

• Landau2015.Tier.predicative.mechanism = Control.Mechanism.referent
• Landau2015.Tier.logophoric.mechanism = Control.Mechanism.composite

Predicate classification

inductive Landau2015.PredicateClass : Type

The control predicate classes ([Lan00a]; (4a–d)/(5a–d)): classes (4a–d) select untensed complements (nonattitude → predicative control), classes (5a–d) tensed ones (attitude → logophoric control), [Lan04a]'s correlation. Membership is a property of predicate–complement pairs, not lexemes, and the evaluative class is the of-frame adjectives specifically ([Lan04a] for the class). [Pea16]'s rival cut is temporal, not attitudinal.

• implicative : PredicateClass

  avoid, dare, manage, remember, … (nonattitude)

• aspectual : PredicateClass

  begin, continue, finish, start, stop (nonattitude)

• modal : PredicateClass

  have, is able, may, must, need, should (nonattitude)

• evaluative : PredicateClass

  bold, crazy, kind, rude, silly, smart (nonattitude; of-frame adjectives)

• factive : PredicateClass

  dislike, glad, hate, regret, sorry, … (attitude)

• propositional : PredicateClass

  affirm, believe, claim, declare, say, think (attitude)

• desiderative : PredicateClass

  agree, choose, decide, hope, intend, want, … (attitude)

• interrogative : PredicateClass

  ask, guess, inquire, know, wonder (attitude)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqPredicateClass : DecidableEq PredicateClass

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqPredicateClass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass.repr : PredicateClass → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass : Repr PredicateClass

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass.repr }

def Landau2015.PredicateClass.tier : PredicateClass → Tier

Map predicate class to control tier.

Equations

• Landau2015.PredicateClass.implicative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.aspectual.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.modal.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.evaluative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.factive.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.propositional.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.desiderative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.interrogative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric

Table (80): empirical contrasts

inductive Landau2015.Table80Row : Type

The six contrast rows of table (80) of [Lan15].

• inflectedComplement : Table80Row

  OC into an inflected complement (the OC-NC generalization (70); inflectedComplement_realizes_ocnc)

• nonhumanPRO : Table80Row

  [−human] PRO ((81): the logophoric binder is the AUTHOR/ADDRESSEE function, defined only for humans)

• implicitControl : Table80Row

  Implicit control ((90)/(93): predication needs an overt external argument)

• controlShift : Table80Row

  Control shift (Control.IsSaturating.eq_of_controllers blocks it under predication: the shifted reading assigns the saturated slot a different controller)

• partialControl : Table80Row

  Partial control (Control.IsSaturating.not_hasPartial blocks it under predication)

• splitControl : Table80Row

  Split control (Control.IsSaturating.not_hasSplit blocks it under predication)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqTable80Row : DecidableEq Table80Row

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqTable80Row x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Landau2015.instReprTable80Row.repr : Table80Row → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprTable80Row : Repr Table80Row

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprTable80Row = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprTable80Row.repr }

def Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative : Table80Row → Bool

Table (80)'s predicative column.

Equations

• Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative Landau2015.Table80Row.inflectedComplement = true
• Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative Landau2015.Table80Row.nonhumanPRO = true
• Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative x✝ = false

def Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric : Table80Row → Bool

Table (80)'s logophoric column.

Equations

• Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric Landau2015.Table80Row.inflectedComplement = false
• Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric Landau2015.Table80Row.nonhumanPRO = false
• Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric x✝ = true

theorem Landau2015.table80_complementary (r : Table80Row) : availableUnderLogophoric r = !availableUnderPredicative r

Table (80) is a perfect split: every contrast is available under exactly one tier.

theorem Landau2015.inflectedComplement_realizes_ocnc : availableUnderPredicative Table80Row.inflectedComplement = decide (Control.ClauseClass.cSubjunctive.HasOC true) ∧ availableUnderLogophoric Table80Row.inflectedComplement = decide (Control.ClauseClass.fSubjunctive.HasOC true)

The inflected-complement row is the OC-NC generalization ((70)), derived from the calculus: [+Agr] leaves OC in [−T] complements (the predicative tier) and destroys it in [+T] complements (the logophoric tier), by the Feature Transmission asymmetry ((60): predication is not contingent on feature matching — Icelandic quirky constructions — while variable binding is, [Hei08], [Kra09b]). Its empirical scope is contested ([Gan19]).

theorem Landau2015.ec_resists_impersonal_passives : availableUnderPredicative Table80Row.implicitControl = false

EC verbs resist impersonal passives ((98) in [Lan15]): a direct consequence of condition (90), since impersonal passives suppress the external argument that predicative control needs — the implicit-control row of table (80). Cross-linguistic evidence: Hebrew, German, Dutch, Russian.

De se / de te in object control (table (36))

inductive Landau2015.DeSeReading : Type

The two logophoric readings of OC PRO under attitude predicates (table (36) of [Lan15]): which coordinate of the embedded context is projected depends on the object control verb subclass.

• deSe : DeSeReading

  PRO = AUTHOR(i'): attitude holder's identification of self

• deTe : DeSeReading

  PRO = ADDRESSEE(i'): attitude holder's identification of addressee

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqDeSeReading : DecidableEq DeSeReading

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqDeSeReading x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading.repr : DeSeReading → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading : Repr DeSeReading

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading.repr }

inductive Landau2015.ObjectControlSubclass : Type

Object control verb subclasses (table (36)).

• psychological : ObjectControlSubclass

  Psychological verbs: convince, persuade, dissuade, tempt

• communicative : ObjectControlSubclass

  Communicative verbs: tell, ask, urge, recommend

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqObjectControlSubclass : DecidableEq ObjectControlSubclass

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqObjectControlSubclass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass : Repr ObjectControlSubclass

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass.repr }

def Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass.repr : ObjectControlSubclass → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Landau2015.objectControlReading : ObjectControlSubclass → DeSeReading

Psychological verbs bind the AUTHOR coordinate (de se); communicative verbs bind the ADDRESSEE coordinate (de te).

Equations

• Landau2015.objectControlReading Landau2015.ObjectControlSubclass.psychological = Landau2015.DeSeReading.deSe
• Landau2015.objectControlReading Landau2015.ObjectControlSubclass.communicative = Landau2015.DeSeReading.deTe

theorem Landau2015.psychological_deSe : objectControlReading ObjectControlSubclass.psychological = DeSeReading.deSe

theorem Landau2015.communicative_deTe : objectControlReading ObjectControlSubclass.communicative = DeSeReading.deTe

Derived Landau class from Verb

def Landau2015.derivedLandauClass (v : Verb) : Option PredicateClass

Derive [Lan15]'s predicate class from Verb fields — a bridge from Fragment verb entries to the TTC deriving the classification from existing semantic fields rather than storing it independently. Returns none when the classification cannot be determined from the available fields (e.g., try has no implicative, attitude, or cosType).

Mapping: cosType → aspectual; implicative/causative → implicative; factivePresup → factive; question-embedding without attitude → interrogative; doxastic → propositional; preferential → desiderative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Landau2015.derivedControlTier (v : Verb) : Option Tier

Derive control tier from Verb fields: a control verb induces logophoric control iff it selects an attitude complement (detected via attitude, factivePresup, or takesQuestionBase); otherwise predicative. Returns none for non-control verbs.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Per-verb verification

theorem Landau2015.stop_aspectual : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.stop.toVerb = some PredicateClass.aspectual

"stop" (CoS cessation) → aspectual → predicative

theorem Landau2015.start_aspectual : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.start.toVerb = some PredicateClass.aspectual

"start" (CoS inception) → aspectual → predicative

theorem Landau2015.begin_aspectual : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.begin_.toVerb = some PredicateClass.aspectual

"begin" (CoS inception) → aspectual → predicative

theorem Landau2015.continue_aspectual : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.continue_.toVerb = some PredicateClass.aspectual

"continue" (CoS continuation) → aspectual → predicative

theorem Landau2015.manage_implicative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.manage.toVerb = some PredicateClass.implicative

"manage" (positive implicative) → implicative → predicative

theorem Landau2015.fail_implicative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.fail.toVerb = some PredicateClass.implicative

"fail" (negative implicative) → implicative → predicative

theorem Landau2015.remember_implicative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.remember.toVerb = some PredicateClass.implicative

"remember" (positive implicative) → implicative → predicative

theorem Landau2015.forget_implicative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.forget.toVerb = some PredicateClass.implicative

"forget" (negative implicative) → implicative → predicative

theorem Landau2015.force_implicative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.force.toVerb = some PredicateClass.implicative

"force" (coercive causative) → implicative → predicative

theorem Landau2015.want_desiderative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.want.toVerb = some PredicateClass.desiderative

"want" (preferential attitude) → desiderative → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.hope_desiderative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.hope.toVerb = some PredicateClass.desiderative

"hope" (preferential attitude) → desiderative → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.promise_desiderative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.promise.toVerb = some PredicateClass.desiderative

"promise" (preferential attitude) → desiderative → logophoric. Previously unclassified; fixed by adding attitude to the Fragment entry per [Lan15] (5c).

theorem Landau2015.persuade_desiderative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.persuade.toVerb = some PredicateClass.desiderative

"persuade" (preferential attitude, object control) → desiderative → logophoric. Table (36) establishes persuade as logophoric object control; the desiderative label is this file's derivation from the Fragment's preferential-attitude field ((4)/(5) list no class for it).

theorem Landau2015.regret_factive : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.regret.toVerb = some PredicateClass.factive

"regret" (factive) → factive → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.know_factive : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.know.toVerb = some PredicateClass.factive

"know" (factive + question) → factive → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.believe_propositional : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.believe.toVerb = some PredicateClass.propositional

"believe" (doxastic attitude) → propositional → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.think_propositional : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.think.toVerb = some PredicateClass.propositional

"think" (doxastic attitude) → propositional → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.wonder_interrogative : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.wonder.toVerb = some PredicateClass.interrogative

"wonder" (question-embedding, non-attitude) → interrogative → logophoric

theorem Landau2015.try_unclassifiable : derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.try_.toVerb = none

"try" has no cosType, implicative, causative, factivePresup, takesQuestionBase, or attitude, so derivedLandauClass cannot classify it. This is correct: "try" is not implicative (trying doesn't entail succeeding) and not clearly attitudinal.

theorem Landau2015.stop_predicative_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.stop.toVerb) = some Tier.predicative

theorem Landau2015.manage_predicative_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.manage.toVerb) = some Tier.predicative

theorem Landau2015.want_logophoric_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.want.toVerb) = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.regret_logophoric_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.regret.toVerb) = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.believe_logophoric_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.believe.toVerb) = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.wonder_logophoric_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.wonder.toVerb) = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.promise_logophoric_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.promise.toVerb) = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.persuade_logophoric_tier : Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass English.Predicates.Verbal.persuade.toVerb) = some Tier.logophoric

Noonan CTP → Landau tier bridge

def Landau2015.ctpToControlTier : CTPClass → Option Tier

Map [Noo07]'s CTP classes to [Lan15]'s control tiers: modal/phasal/achievement/negative are nonattitude (predicative); utterance/propAttitude/commentative/knowledge/desiderative/ manipulative are attitude (logophoric); pretence is ambiguous and perception typically takes no controlled complement.

Equations

• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.modal = some Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.phasal = some Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.achievement = some Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.negative = some Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.utterance = some Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.propAttitude = some Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.commentative = some Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.knowledge = some Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.desiderative = some Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.manipulative = some Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.pretence = none
• Landau2015.ctpToControlTier CTPClass.perception = none

def Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass : CTPClass → Option PredicateClass

Map [Noo07]'s CTP classes to [Lan15]'s predicate classes (where the mapping is unambiguous).

Equations

• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.modal = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.modal
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.phasal = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.aspectual
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.achievement = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.implicative
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.negative = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.implicative
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.commentative = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.factive
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.knowledge = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.factive
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.propAttitude = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.propositional
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.utterance = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.propositional
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.desiderative = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.desiderative
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.manipulative = some Landau2015.PredicateClass.desiderative
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.pretence = none
• Landau2015.ctpToLandauClass CTPClass.perception = none

theorem Landau2015.ctp_tier_consistent (c : CTPClass) (hTier : (ctpToControlTier c).isSome = true) (hClass : (ctpToLandauClass c).isSome = true) : ctpToControlTier c = Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (ctpToLandauClass c)

When both mappings are defined, they agree on the control tier.

[Noo07]'s equi-deletion criterion (§2.1) and [Lan15]'s control tiers classify the same English verbs by independent properties; the bridge theorem makes the consilience kernel-checked, witnessed by manage.

theorem Landau2015.manage_equi_implies_predicative : Data.Complementation.Noonan2007.english_manage.hasEquiDeletion = true → ctpToControlTier Data.Complementation.Noonan2007.english_manage.ctpClass = some Tier.predicative

Cross-paper consilience: Noonan-equi on the achievement class coincides with Landau's predicative tier.

Chierchia (1984) comparison

The TTC engages [Chi84]'s property theory as its major predecessor; the two cut the control verb space differently:

• Chierchia: ALL verbs with the CP are obligatory control, regardless of attitude status. The CP is a meaning postulate that applies uniformly. The subject/object and attitude/non-attitude distinctions are orthogonal.
• Landau: attitude verbs (want, hope, promise, persuade) are logophoric (perspectival coordinate needed), non-attitude verbs (try, manage, force) are predicative.

The systematic divergence: Chierchia → obligatory → predicative for ALL control verbs, while Landau → logophoric for attitude verbs. The theories agree on non-attitude verbs (both predicative) and diverge precisely on attitude verbs.

def Landau2015.chierchiaToLandauTier : Chierchia1984.ChierchiaControlClass → Tier

Map Chierchia's control classes to Landau's control tiers.

Equations

• Landau2015.chierchiaToLandauTier Chierchia1984.ChierchiaControlClass.obligatory = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.chierchiaToLandauTier Chierchia1984.ChierchiaControlClass.semiObligatory = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.chierchiaToLandauTier Chierchia1984.ChierchiaControlClass.prominence = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.cp_iff_predicative (c : Chierchia1984.ChierchiaControlClass) : c.hasCP = true ↔ chierchiaToLandauTier c = Tier.predicative

The CP/no-CP distinction aligns with the predicative/logophoric distinction: CP-bearing classes are predicative, CP-lacking classes are logophoric. Chierchia's CP is thereby the semantic reflex of Landau's condition (90): the entailment needs a specific overt argument to serve as controller, which is what predication demands.

Non-attitude verbs: Chierchia and Landau agree

For verbs without an attitude builder (try, manage, begin, stop, force, fail), both systems classify them as predicative control.

theorem Landau2015.try_agrees : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.try_.toVerb) = derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.try_.toVerb

theorem Landau2015.manage_agrees : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.manage.toVerb) = derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.manage.toVerb

theorem Landau2015.force_agrees : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.force.toVerb) = derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.force.toVerb

Attitude verbs: systematic divergence

For verbs with an attitude builder (want, hope, promise, persuade), the two systems diverge: Chierchia classifies them as obligatory (→ predicative), while Landau classifies them as logophoric.

This is a genuine theoretical disagreement: Chierchia groups by entailment structure (all verbs with the CP are treated uniformly), Landau groups by attitude status (attitude verbs introduce a perspectival coordinate that changes the control mechanism).

theorem Landau2015.want_diverges : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.want.toVerb) = some Tier.predicative ∧ derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.want.toVerb = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.hope_diverges : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.hope.toVerb) = some Tier.predicative ∧ derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.hope.toVerb = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.promise_diverges : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.promise.toVerb) = some Tier.predicative ∧ derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.promise.toVerb = some Tier.logophoric

theorem Landau2015.persuade_diverges : Option.map chierchiaToLandauTier (Chierchia1984.derivedChierchiaClass English.Predicates.Verbal.persuade.toVerb) = some Tier.predicative ∧ derivedControlTier English.Predicates.Verbal.persuade.toVerb = some Tier.logophoric