Documentation

Linglib.Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025

Deo (2025): The Marathi Discourse Particle bərə #

@cite{deo-2025-bara}

Take on This Commitment: The Particle bərə in Marathi (Indo-Aryan). Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 29, ed. F. Longo and D. Panizza. Pp. 386–403.

Empirical claim (§ 2) #

Marathi utterance-final bərə combines with declaratives, imperatives, and wh-interrogatives (never polar interrogatives). It is felicitous in: warnings (1, 4, 5a, 8, 13), advice (6), reminders (7), commands (12), strong recommendations (14). Infelicitous with: requests (10a), pleas (10b), offers (11a), permissions/well-wishes (11b), concessions (11c), curses (11d), declarative commissives (9), agreement-with-addressee (16).

Architectural claim (§ 3) #

@cite{deo-2025-bara} proposes a discourse model with two innovations beyond @cite{farkas-bruce-2010} / @cite{gunlogson-2001}:

Deo's bərə convention (eq. 20): the speaker preferentially commits to the meta-proposition "addressee dependently commits to p". The agent-source asymmetry — speaker's commitment is self-sourced and preferential, embedded commitment is dependent on the addressee's side — makes this a higher-order operation that uses the 2×2, not a single 2×2 cell.

The secondary felicity condition (eq. 21): addressee uptake of p must be a precondition for fulfilling a contextually salient addressee-benefiting goal g_c ∈ EP(s, w) (Semantics.Attitudes.CondoravdiLauer.EffectivePreferentialBackground).

Out of scope #

(i) bərə + ka compound (§ 4, p. 401); (ii) wh-interrogative uses (per p. 387); (iii) threat-commissives (footnote 14, p. 400), which are felicitous — the commissive case below covers the cooperative commissive only.

§ 1. Bərə's denotation (eq. 20) #

The bərə convention is a higher-order update: the speaker (independent source) preferentially commits to the meta-proposition that p is in the addressee's dependent-commitment slate. The meta-proposition is a GunlogsonState W → Prop. The corresponding state-update is not formalized here — it would require lifting TaggedSlate's content type to admit scoreboard-relative propositions, a Core refactor outside the scope of this study file.

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def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.baraMetaContent {W : Type u} (p : W → Prop) (K : Dialogue.Gunlogson.GunlogsonState W) :
Prop

The bərə meta-content: "p is among the addressee's dependent commitments." This is the proposition the speaker preferentially commits to. @cite{deo-2025-bara} (20).

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    § 3. Empirical felicity profile (Deo § 2) #

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    inductive Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.IllocutionaryAct :
    Type

    The illocutionary acts surveyed by @cite{deo-2025-bara}.

    Refines Core.Discourse.IllocutionaryForce.SearleClass for the directive subset (warning/advice/reminder/command/strongRec/ request/plea/offer/permission/concession/curse all .directive), plus commissive (.commissive) and agreement (.assertive). The toSearleClass projection makes this refinement structural.

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      @[implicit_reducible]
      instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instDecidableEqIllocutionaryAct :
      DecidableEq IllocutionaryAct
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      def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instReprIllocutionaryAct.repr :
      IllocutionaryAct → ℕ → Std.Format
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        @[implicit_reducible]
        instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instReprIllocutionaryAct :
        Repr IllocutionaryAct
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        def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.IllocutionaryAct.toSearleClass :
        IllocutionaryAct → Core.Discourse.SearleClass

        The Searle class of each illocutionary act in Deo's enum.

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          def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.empiricalFelicityClass :
          Set IllocutionaryAct

          Deo's reported empirical felicity of bərə across illocutionary acts. Acts where bərə is felicitous (per @cite{deo-2025-bara} § 2): warning (exx. 1, 4, 5a, 8, 13), advice (ex. 6), reminder (ex. 7), command (ex. 12), strongRecommendation (ex. 14). All other acts in the enum are infelicitous: request (ex. 10a), plea (ex. 10b), offer (ex. 11a), permission (ex. 11b), concession (ex. 11c), curse (ex. 11d), commissive (ex. 9), agreement (ex. 16).

          The fine-grained warning/advice/reminder/command/strongRecommendation partition is study-introduced for predicate clarity; Deo's text (p. 392) clusters them as "strong directives" without sharp boundaries. The agreement act is short for "expressing agreement with or approval of an actional commitment undertaken by the addressee" (p. 393, p. 400).

          Caveat: the commissive case reflects the cooperative commissive (ex. 9). Deo's footnote 14 (p. 400) flags that threat-commissives (e.g., "If you don't go to bed, I will take your video game bərə!") are felicitous; this enum coarsens over that distinction.

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            @[implicit_reducible]
            instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instDecidablePredIllocutionaryActMemSetEmpiricalFelicityClass :
            DecidablePred fun (x : IllocutionaryAct) => x ∈ empiricalFelicityClass
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            § 4. Architectural preconditions #

            Deo (p. 392) identifies two preconditions on imperative–bərə felicity:

            A separate semantic-component felicity condition (eq. 21) requires the speaker to have a contextually salient addressee-benefiting goal g_c ∈ EP(s, w) whose fulfilment is preconditioned on addressee uptake of the prejacent. This applies across both clause types and rules out acts where the goal benefits the speaker (requests, pleas) or detriments the addressee (curses).

            For declaratives (commissives ex. 9, agreement ex. 16), Deo applies the analog of (a) — the addressee has a manifest preference from a prior discourse move (p. 393, p. 400). The speaker-authority condition (b) is not directly applicable to declaratives but is treated as trivially satisfied for predicate-conjunction purposes.

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            def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.AddresseeHasPreExistingPref (act : IllocutionaryAct) :
            Prop

            (a) Does the addressee have a pre-existing preference to realize the content?

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              @[implicit_reducible]
              instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instDecidablePredIllocutionaryActAddresseeHasPreExistingPref :
              DecidablePred AddresseeHasPreExistingPref
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              def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.SpeakerHasAuthority (act : IllocutionaryAct) :
              Prop

              (b) Does the speaker presume authority for realizing the content?

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                @[implicit_reducible]
                instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instDecidablePredIllocutionaryActSpeakerHasAuthority :
                DecidablePred SpeakerHasAuthority
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                def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.GoalBenefitsAddressee (act : IllocutionaryAct) :
                Prop

                (eq. 21) Does the contextually salient goal benefit the addressee?

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                  @[implicit_reducible]
                  instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instDecidablePredIllocutionaryActGoalBenefitsAddressee :
                  DecidablePred GoalBenefitsAddressee
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                  def Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.BaraFelicitous (act : IllocutionaryAct) :
                  Prop

                  The conjunction of Deo's two imperative preconditions ((a) negated + (b)) and the secondary felicity condition (eq. 21).

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                    @[implicit_reducible]
                    instance Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.instDecidablePredIllocutionaryActBaraFelicitous :
                    DecidablePred BaraFelicitous
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                    § 5. Deo's central characterization theorem #

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                    theorem Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.deo_characterization (act : IllocutionaryAct) :
                    BaraFelicitous act ↔ act ∈ empiricalFelicityClass

                    Deo's central claim: the three architectural conditions (¬ AddresseeHasPreExistingPref ∧ SpeakerHasAuthority ∧ GoalBenefitsAddressee) characterize the empirically attested felicity class — the strong-directive subset {warning, advice, reminder, command, strongRecommendation}.

                    The substantive content is in the structural decomposition: that Deo's three independently motivated conditions exactly carve out the cluster of acts where bərə is reported felicitous, with no over- or under-prediction across the 13-act survey.

                    § 6. Bərə vs the Searle taxonomy #

                    Bərə-felicitous acts are all .directive in the Searle classification, but the converse fails: many directive acts (request, plea, offer, permission, concession, curse) are bərə-infelicitous. Bərə picks out a strict subset of the directive class.

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                    theorem Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.felicitous_implies_directive (act : IllocutionaryAct) :
                    BaraFelicitous act → act.toSearleClass = Core.Discourse.SearleClass.directive
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                    theorem Phenomena.SentenceMood.Studies.Deo2025.directive_class_strictly_larger :
                    ∃ (act : IllocutionaryAct), act.toSearleClass = Core.Discourse.SearleClass.directive ∧ ¬BaraFelicitous act