Bhatt & Dayal (2020): PQP analysis of Hindi-Urdu kya: @cite{bhatt-dayal-2020}

Polar Question Particle analysis: Hindi-Urdu kya: sits at PerspP, not CP. Combined with @cite{dayal-2025}'s three-layer cartography [SAP [PerspP [CP ...]]] and @cite{sauerland-yatsushiro-2017}'s analysis of Japanese kke as a meta question particle (MQP).

This study file is the canonical home for the layer assignments of the four typologically representative particles that motivate the three-way cp / perspP / sap split:

Layer	Language	Particle	Distribution
CP	Japanese	ka	matrix + subord + QS
PerspP	Hindi-Urdu	kya:	matrix + QS, no sub
SAP	Japanese	kke	matrix + quotation
SAP	English	quick(ly)	matrix only

The layer assignments are theoretical overlays on the fragment particles — the fragments themselves carry only theory-neutral distributional fields.

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.hindi_urdu_kya_layer : Fragments.HindiUrdu.Particles.ParticleEntry → Features.QParticleLayer

Bhatt & Dayal (2020): Hindi-Urdu kya: sits at PerspP.

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.hindi_urdu_kya_layer x✝ = Features.QParticleLayer.perspP

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.japanese_ka_layer : Fragments.Japanese.Particles.ParticleEntry → Features.QParticleLayer

@cite{dayal-2025}: Japanese ka is the canonical CP-layer Q-morpheme.

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.japanese_ka_layer x✝ = Features.QParticleLayer.cp

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.japanese_kke_layer : Fragments.Japanese.Particles.ParticleEntry → Features.QParticleLayer

@cite{sauerland-yatsushiro-2017}: Japanese kke is an MQP at SAP.

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.japanese_kke_layer x✝ = Features.QParticleLayer.sap

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.english_quick_layer : Fragments.English.QuestionParticles.QParticleEntry → Features.QParticleLayer

@cite{dayal-2025} ex. (19): English quick/quickly is an MQP-adverb at SAP.

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.english_quick_layer x✝ = Features.QParticleLayer.sap

structure Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.QParticleDatum : Type

A row in the cross-linguistic Q-particle typology: a Fragment particle plus its theoretical layer assignment and a language label.

• language : String
• form : String
• layer : Features.QParticleLayer
• inMatrix : Bool

  Appears in matrix questions?

• inSubordinated : Bool

  Appears in subordinated interrogatives?

• inQuasiSub : Bool

  Appears in quasi-subordinated interrogatives?

• inQuotation : Bool

  Appears in quotations?

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.instReprQParticleDatum.repr : QParticleDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.instReprQParticleDatum : Repr QParticleDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.instReprQParticleDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.instReprQParticleDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.japanese_ka : QParticleDatum

Japanese ka — clause-typing particle (CP).

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.hindi_urdu_kya : QParticleDatum

Hindi-Urdu kya: — polar question particle (PerspP).

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.japanese_kke : QParticleDatum

Japanese kke — meta question particle (SAP).

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.english_quick : QParticleDatum

English quick/quickly — MQP-like adverb (SAP).

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.allQParticleData : List QParticleDatum

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.cp_particles_in_subordination (d : QParticleDatum) : d ∈ allQParticleData → d.layer = Features.QParticleLayer.cp → d.inSubordinated = true

CP-layer particles appear in subordinated position.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.perspP_particles_not_in_subordination (d : QParticleDatum) : d ∈ allQParticleData → d.layer = Features.QParticleLayer.perspP → d.inSubordinated = false

PerspP-layer particles do NOT appear in subordinated position.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.sap_particles_not_in_quasi_sub (d : QParticleDatum) : d ∈ allQParticleData → d.layer = Features.QParticleLayer.sap → d.inQuasiSub = false

SAP-layer particles do NOT appear in quasi-subordinated position.

@cite{bhatt-dayal-2020} eq. 23: ⟦kya:⟧ = λp[∃q ∈ Q[∀q′[q′ ∈ Q → q′ = q]].Q i.e. kya: is interpreted only when its sister question Q has a singleton alternative set, in which case the particle is the identity on Q. The presupposition is exactly Core.Question.IsSingleton; the well-typed analogue of "felicitous sister content" is the subtype SingletonQuestion W (a question paired with a proof that its alternative set is a singleton). The "highlighted" terminology of @cite{roelofsen-farkas-2015} corresponds to declarative p in this setting (one-cell denotation, in contrast to the two-cell polar p).

@cite{bhatt-dayal-2020} fn. 11 cites the parallel Mandarin nandao analysis as the model for kya:; the shared IsSingleton predicate captures that convergence by construction. See Phenomena.Questions.Studies.Zheng2025 for the nandao binding.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.kya_felicitous_declarative {W : Type u} (p : Set W) : (Core.Question.declarative p).IsSingleton

Empirical prediction (felicitous case): kya: composes felicitously with a one-cell "highlighted" polar — i.e. with the declarative content declarative p, the singleton-alternative analogue of the standard two-cell polar. The canonical good input.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.kya_interp_declarative {W : Type u} (p : Set W) : (Core.Question.SingletonQuestion.ofDeclarative p).issue = Core.Question.declarative p

Empirical prediction (defined case): kya: on a felicitous sister returns the question unchanged — packaged as a SingletonQuestion whose underlying issue is the input declarative. Mathlib pattern: subtype + .val rather than Option.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.kya_infelicitous_two_cell_polar {W : Type u} {p : Set W} (hne : p ≠ ∅) (hnu : p ≠ Set.univ) : ¬(Core.Question.polar p).IsSingleton

Empirical prediction (infelicitous case): kya: cannot license a two-cell Hamblin polar with a non-trivial proposition — the presupposition fails because such a polar has two alternatives.

theorem Phenomena.Questions.Studies.BhattDayal2020.kya_polarQuestion_signals_singletonPresup : Fragments.HindiUrdu.Particles.kya.polarQuestion = true

Bridge to fragment: the kya: entry's polarQuestion field is the surface signal of the singleton-presupposition analysis — the fragment data field flags the particle whose interpretation is given by the IsSingleton presupposition + identity on SingletonQuestion.