Adamson 2024: Gender Assignment Is Local @cite{adamson-2024}

@cite{adamson-2024} "Gender Assignment Is Local: On the Relation between Grammatical Gender and Inalienable Possession." Language 100(2): 218–264.

Core claim

The Gender Locality Hypothesis (GLH): gender features on n must be valued only within nP. This restricts the conditioning factors for gender assignment to elements extremely local to the noun.

Key consequence for possession

Inalienable possessors are introduced nP-internally (specifier of n with selectional feature {D}, following Myler 2016), while alienable possessors are introduced outside nP (specifier of PossP). The GLH therefore predicts:

• Inalienable possession CAN affect gender (nP-internal)
• Alienable possession CANNOT affect gender (outside nP)

This asymmetry is confirmed in four unrelated languages:

1. Teop (Austronesian, Oceanic; §3.1): body-part nouns combine with two different n heads — n_{body-part{D}} bearing u[+ANIM] yields gender I when iPossessed; n_{alienator} (plain) yields gender II
2. Jarawara (Arawan; §3.2): iPossessable roots are licensed only by plain n (feminine = unmarked in the [±MASC] system)
3. Yanyuwa (Western Pama-Nyungan; §4.1): unvalued gender on n is valued by Probe-Goal agreement with the iPossessor DP
4. Coastal Marind (Anim; §4.2): igih 'name' and nanVh 'face' inherit possessor's gender via agreement

Predictions beyond possession (§5)

The GLH predicts that number features on Num (high number) cannot interact with gender, while number on n (low/derivational number) can. Features introduced on D (definiteness), T (tense), etc. are all outside nP and cannot affect gender assignment.

Connection to Linglib

This module uses types from Theories/Morphology/DM/NominalStructure.lean (the GLH, NominalPosition, PossessionType), CatHead and PhiBundle from Theories/Morphology/DM/Categorizer.lean (@cite{kramer-2015}), VocabItem from Theories/Morphology/DM/VocabularyInsertion.lean, and Fragment data from Fragments/Teop/Nouns.lean and Fragments/Jarawara/PossessedNouns.lean.

theorem Adamson2024.selectsD_implies_local_possessor : Morphology.DM.PossessionType.inalienable.possessorPosition = Morphology.DM.NominalPosition.specN ∧ Morphology.DM.genderLocalityHypothesis Morphology.DM.NominalPosition.specN = true

An n head with selectsD licenses an iPossessor in Spec,nP. This connects CatHead.selectsD to the GLH: the {D} feature places the possessor nP-internally, making it gender-relevant.

theorem Adamson2024.categorizer_has_gender_locus : Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_iFem.phi.gender.isSome = true ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_iMasc.phi.gender.isSome = true ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_uFem.phi.gender.isSome = true ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_plain.phi.gender.isNone = true

Gender features live on the nominal categorizer (n), as established by @cite{kramer-2015} and confirmed by @cite{adamson-2024}.

theorem Adamson2024.anim_categorizer_has_gender : Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_iAnim.phi.gender.isSome = true ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_iInanim.phi.gender.isSome = true ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_uAnim.phi.gender.isSome = true

The ANIM-dimension types also carry gender features on n.

theorem Adamson2024.glh_targets_nominal_categorizer : Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_plain.cat = Morphology.DM.Categorizer.n ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.v_plain.phi.gender.isNone = true ∧ Morphology.DM.CatHead.a_plain.phi.gender.isNone = true

The GLH targets the nominal categorizer specifically. Verbal and adjectival categorizers do not host gender features.

def Adamson2024.teopBodyPartN : Morphology.DM.CatHead

Teop body-part n: bears u[+ANIM] and selectional feature {D}. When a body-part root combines with this n, the {D} feature creates a specifier position for an iPossessor DP. The u[+ANIM] feature results in gender I (animate article a).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adamson2024.teopAlienatorN : Morphology.DM.CatHead

Teop alienator n: plain n with no gender feature and no iPossessor.

Equations

• Adamson2024.teopAlienatorN = Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_plain

def Adamson2024.teopGenderFromN (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) : Fragments.Teop.Gender

Determine gender from the n head's feature content. If n has any [ANIM]-dimension gender feature → gender I; otherwise → gender II.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_body_part_two_n_heads : teopGenderFromN teopBodyPartN = Fragments.Teop.Gender.gI ∧ teopGenderFromN teopAlienatorN = Fragments.Teop.Gender.gII

Body-part nouns switch gender because they combine with two different n heads.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_body_part_selectsD : teopBodyPartN.selectsD = true ∧ teopAlienatorN.selectsD = false

The body-part n licenses an iPossessor (has {D}); the alienator n does not.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_consistent_with_glh : Morphology.DM.PossessionType.inalienable.canAffectGender = true ∧ Morphology.DM.PossessionType.alienable.canAffectGender = false

The Teop gender alternation is consistent with the GLH.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_uses_anim_dimension : Option.map (fun (x : Morphology.DM.GenderFeature) => x.val.dim) teopBodyPartN.phi.gender = some Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.anim

The Teop body-part n uses the ANIM dimension, not the FEM dimension.

Teop Vocabulary Insertion

def Adamson2024.teopArticleRules : List (Morphology.DM.VI.VocabItem Fragments.Teop.ArticleCtx Unit)

Teop article VI rules, ordered by specificity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_ipossessed_body_part_article : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := Fragments.Teop.Gender.gI, plural := false } () = some "a"

theorem Adamson2024.teop_unpossessed_body_part_article : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := Fragments.Teop.Gender.gII, plural := false } () = some "o"

theorem Adamson2024.teop_proprial_article : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := Fragments.Teop.Gender.gI, plural := false, proprial := true } () = some "e"

theorem Adamson2024.teop_plural_gI_article : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := Fragments.Teop.Gender.gI, plural := true } () = some "ra"

theorem Adamson2024.teop_plural_gII_article : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := Fragments.Teop.Gender.gII, plural := true } () = some "ro"

theorem Adamson2024.teop_end_to_end_ipossessed : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := teopGenderFromN teopBodyPartN, plural := false } () = some "a"

End-to-end: body-part root + n_{body-part{D}} → gender I → article a.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_end_to_end_unpossessed : Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert teopArticleRules { gender := teopGenderFromN teopAlienatorN, plural := false } () = some "o"

End-to-end: body-part root + n_{alienator} → gender II → article o.

Bridge to Fragment Data

The study-level `teopGenderFromN` agrees with the Fragment-level
`iPossessedGender` for body-part nouns: both predict gender I
when iPossessed, gender II when free. 

theorem Adamson2024.teop_fragment_bridge : teopGenderFromN teopBodyPartN = Fragments.Teop.iPossessedGender Fragments.Teop.bina ∧ teopGenderFromN teopAlienatorN = Fragments.Teop.bina.gender

Five Teop Predictions (@cite{adamson-2024} §3.1)

The two-n analysis generates five testable predictions (p.234–235):

theorem Adamson2024.teop_prediction_apossessed_gII : teopGenderFromN teopAlienatorN = Fragments.Teop.Gender.gII

Prediction 1: aPossessed body parts → gender II. When a body-part root combines with the alienator n (aPossession), the result is gender II, not gender I.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_prediction_possessor_gender_immaterial : teopBodyPartN.phi.gender = some { interp := Morphology.DM.Interpretability.u, val := { dim := Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.anim, pol := Morphology.DM.Polarity.pos } }

Prediction 2: the iPossessor's own gender is immaterial. The body-part n bears u[+ANIM] regardless of the possessor's features. This is possessee gender (determined by WHETHER iPossessed), not inherited gender (determined by possessor's gender value).

theorem Adamson2024.teop_prediction_alienator_properties : teopAlienatorN.phi.gender.isNone = true ∧ teopAlienatorN.selectsD = false

Prediction 3: the alienator n has no gender feature and no {D}. aPossession is mediated by PossP, not Spec,nP.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_prediction_relational_nouns : teopGenderFromN teopBodyPartN = Fragments.Teop.Gender.gI

Prediction 4: any noun combining with n_{body-part{D}} gets gender I, not just canonical body parts. Relational nouns with the same structural profile (orientation terms, place nouns) also show the alternation.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_prediction_kinship_alienator : teopGenderFromN teopAlienatorN = Fragments.Teop.Gender.gII ∧ teopAlienatorN.selectsD = false

Prediction 5: kinship nouns use the alienator n (aPossession), so they are always gender II regardless of possession.

def Adamson2024.jarawaraGenderFromN (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) : Bool

Jarawara gender from the n head's feature content.

Equations

• Adamson2024.jarawaraGenderFromN nh = match nh.phi.gender with | some gf => gf.val.dim == Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.masc | none => false

def Adamson2024.jarawaraIPossN : Morphology.DM.CatHead

The n head for Jarawara iPossessable nouns: has {D} (licenses iPossessor in Spec,nP) but no gender feature (feminine = unmarked in the [±MASC] system). This is distinct from CatHead.n_plain (which has selectsD = false).

Equations

• Adamson2024.jarawaraIPossN = Morphology.DM.CatHead.iPoss

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_ipossessable_always_fem : jarawaraGenderFromN jarawaraIPossN = false

iPossessable roots in Jarawara are feminine: their n has no marked gender.

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_ipossessable_selectsD : jarawaraIPossN.selectsD = true

iPossessable n in Jarawara has {D} — by construction via CatHead.iPoss.

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_masc_has_feature : jarawaraGenderFromN Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_uMasc = true

Masculine nouns in Jarawara bear [+MASC] on n.

Jarawara impoverishment (@cite{adamson-2024} ex. 63)

Two separate impoverishment rules delete [MASC] in different contexts:

• [MASC] → ∅ / [PL]
• [MASC] → ∅ / [PARTICIPANT]

def Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishPL : Morphology.DM.ImpoverishmentRule

Impoverishment rule 1: [MASC] → ∅ / [PL].

Equations

• Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishPL = { targetGender := { dim := Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.masc, pol := Morphology.DM.Polarity.pos }, context := Morphology.DM.ImpoverishmentContext.plural }

def Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishParticipant : Morphology.DM.ImpoverishmentRule

Impoverishment rule 2: [MASC] → ∅ / [PARTICIPANT].

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishmentRules : List Morphology.DM.ImpoverishmentRule

Both rules from ex. 63.

Equations

• Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishmentRules = [Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishPL, Adamson2024.jarawaraImpoverishParticipant]

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_impoverishment_pl : have mascPhi := { gender := some { interp := Morphology.DM.Interpretability.u, val := { dim := Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.masc, pol := Morphology.DM.Polarity.pos } } }; have result := jarawaraImpoverishPL.apply mascPhi true; result.gender = none

Impoverishment deletes [MASC] when [PL] is active.

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_impoverishment_participant : have mascPhi := { gender := some { interp := Morphology.DM.Interpretability.u, val := { dim := Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.masc, pol := Morphology.DM.Polarity.pos } } }; have result := jarawaraImpoverishParticipant.apply mascPhi true; result.gender = none

Impoverishment deletes [MASC] when [PARTICIPANT] is active.

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_no_impoverishment_when_inactive : have mascPhi := { gender := some { interp := Morphology.DM.Interpretability.u, val := { dim := Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.masc, pol := Morphology.DM.Polarity.pos } } }; have result := jarawaraImpoverishPL.apply mascPhi false; result.gender = some { interp := Morphology.DM.Interpretability.u, val := { dim := Morphology.DM.GenderDimension.masc, pol := Morphology.DM.Polarity.pos } }

Impoverishment does not apply when context is inactive.

Bridge to Fragment Data

The 175 iPossessable nouns in 12 semantic classes from `Fragments.Jarawara`
are drawn from the upper tiers of the inalienability hierarchy,
confirming the cross-linguistic prediction. 

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_fragment_total : List.foldl (fun (x1 x2 : ℕ) => x1 + x2) 0 (List.map (fun (x : Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedNounClass) => x.memberCount) Fragments.Jarawara.allClasses) = 175

Inherited gender via Probe-Goal agreement

@cite{adamson-2024} §4: in Yanyuwa and Coastal Marind, a small class of iPossessed nouns (igih 'name', nanVh 'face' in Coastal Marind; body parts and 'name' in Yanyuwa) "inherit" the gender of their iPossessor.

In Minimalist terms: the nominalizing head n has an unvalued gender feature. Because the iPossessor DP is in Spec,nP (nP-internal), Probe-Goal Agree can copy the possessor's valued gender onto n. The GLH permits this because the goal (iPossessor) is within nP.

structure Adamson2024.InheritedGenderNoun : Type

A gender-inheriting noun: the n head bears an unvalued gender probe that is valued by Agree with the iPossessor DP's gender.

• rootGloss : String

  The root (e.g., √IGIH 'name', √NANVH 'face').

• selectsD : Bool

  The n head has {D} (selects an iPossessor).

• hasUnvaluedGender : Bool

  The n head has an unvalued gender feature (probe).

def Adamson2024.instDecidableEqInheritedGenderNoun.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : InheritedGenderNoun) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Adamson2024.instDecidableEqInheritedGenderNoun : DecidableEq InheritedGenderNoun

Equations

• Adamson2024.instDecidableEqInheritedGenderNoun = Adamson2024.instDecidableEqInheritedGenderNoun.decEq

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Adamson2024.instReprInheritedGenderNoun : Repr InheritedGenderNoun

Equations

• Adamson2024.instReprInheritedGenderNoun = { reprPrec := Adamson2024.instReprInheritedGenderNoun.repr }

def Adamson2024.instReprInheritedGenderNoun.repr : InheritedGenderNoun → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adamson2024.inheritedGenderN : Morphology.DM.CatHead

The n head for an inherited-gender noun: has {D} and an unvalued gender probe. The probe is dimension-agnostic — it has no pre-specified dimension or polarity. Its value (including dimension) comes entirely from the iPossessor DP via Probe-Goal Agree (@cite{adamson-2024} (90)). We represent this as phi := {} (no valued gender on n itself).

Equations

• Adamson2024.inheritedGenderN = Morphology.DM.CatHead.iPoss

inductive Adamson2024.YanyuwaGender : Type

Yanyuwa: seven gender classes (Kirton 1971a,b).

FEMALE, MALE, FEMININE (nonhuman female), MASCULINE (nonhuman male), FOOD, ARBOREAL, ABSTRACT. Body parts and 'name' take possessor prefixes expressing the possessor's φ-features.

• female : YanyuwaGender
• male : YanyuwaGender
• feminine : YanyuwaGender
• masculine : YanyuwaGender
• food : YanyuwaGender
• arboreal : YanyuwaGender
• abstract : YanyuwaGender

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Adamson2024.instDecidableEqYanyuwaGender : DecidableEq YanyuwaGender

Equations

• Adamson2024.instDecidableEqYanyuwaGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Adamson2024.instReprYanyuwaGender : Repr YanyuwaGender

Equations

• Adamson2024.instReprYanyuwaGender = { reprPrec := Adamson2024.instReprYanyuwaGender.repr }

def Adamson2024.instReprYanyuwaGender.repr : YanyuwaGender → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adamson2024.YanyuwaGender.all : List YanyuwaGender

All seven Yanyuwa gender values.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Adamson2024.yanyuwa_seven_genders : YanyuwaGender.all.length = 7

inductive Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender : Type

Coastal Marind: four genders (Olsson 2017).

I (human men, e.g., yasti 'old man'), II (human women + animals, e.g., gomna 'male pig'), III (some inanimates, e.g., aliki 'river'), IV (other inanimates, e.g., himbu 'feathered headdress').

• gI : CoastalMarindGender
• gII : CoastalMarindGender
• gIII : CoastalMarindGender
• gIV : CoastalMarindGender

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Adamson2024.instDecidableEqCoastalMarindGender : DecidableEq CoastalMarindGender

Equations

• Adamson2024.instDecidableEqCoastalMarindGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Adamson2024.instReprCoastalMarindGender.repr : CoastalMarindGender → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Adamson2024.instReprCoastalMarindGender : Repr CoastalMarindGender

Equations

• Adamson2024.instReprCoastalMarindGender = { reprPrec := Adamson2024.instReprCoastalMarindGender.repr }

def Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender.all : List CoastalMarindGender

All four Coastal Marind gender values.

Equations

• Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender.all = [Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender.gI, Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender.gII, Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender.gIII, Adamson2024.CoastalMarindGender.gIV]

theorem Adamson2024.coastalMarind_four_genders : CoastalMarindGender.all.length = 4

def Adamson2024.coastalMarindInheritingNouns : List InheritedGenderNoun

Coastal Marind inherited-gender nouns (Olsson 2017:187).

Equations

• Adamson2024.coastalMarindInheritingNouns = [{ rootGloss := "igih (name)" }, { rootGloss := "nanVh (face)" }]

theorem Adamson2024.coastalMarind_inheriting_prerequisites : (coastalMarindInheritingNouns.all fun (n : InheritedGenderNoun) => n.selectsD && n.hasUnvaluedGender) = true

Both inheriting nouns have {D} and unvalued gender — prerequisites for Probe-Goal agreement with the iPossessor.

theorem Adamson2024.inherited_gender_glh_consistent : Morphology.DM.genderLocalityHypothesis Morphology.DM.PossessionGenderMechanism.inheritedGender.possessorPosition = true

Inherited gender is consistent with the GLH: the possessor whose gender is inherited occupies Spec,nP (nP-internal).

Bridge: Kramer's n-types and WALS gender counts

@cite{kramer-2015} Ch 3: for a single gender dimension [±VAL], there are four types of n: i[+VAL], i[−VAL], plain, u[+VAL]. The fourth combination u[−VAL] is the unmarked default (plain n).

The maximum number of surface genders from one dimension is 3: the positive value, the negative value, and the default (plain). Two-gender systems arise when only one marked value + plain are attested.

def Adamson2024.surfaceGenderClass (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) : Option Morphology.DM.GenderVal

Count distinct surface genders from a set of n heads. Two n heads produce the same surface gender iff they have the same gender feature content (ignoring interpretability, which is only visible at LF vs PF).

Equations

• Adamson2024.surfaceGenderClass nh = Option.map (fun (x : Morphology.DM.GenderFeature) => x.val) nh.phi.gender

theorem Adamson2024.amharic_three_surface_genders : have classes := List.map surfaceGenderClass [Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_iFem, Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_iMasc, Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_plain, Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_uFem]; classes.eraseDups.length = 3

The four Amharic n-types yield exactly 3 surface genders: [+FEM], [−FEM], and ∅ (plain). Both i[+FEM] and u[+FEM] map to the same surface class [+FEM].

theorem Adamson2024.two_gender_system : have classes := List.map surfaceGenderClass [Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_uMasc, Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_plain]; classes.eraseDups.length = 2

A two-gender system (e.g., Jarawara [±MASC]) uses only two n types: marked (u[+MASC]) and plain.

theorem Adamson2024.teop_two_gender_system : have classes := List.map surfaceGenderClass [Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_uAnim, Morphology.DM.CatHead.n_plain]; classes.eraseDups.length = 2

The Teop two-gender system uses the ANIM dimension.

Every n-head used for inalienable possession must have selectsD = true. Without this, the n-head cannot license an iPossessor in Spec,nP, and the semantic pipeline (catHeadSemanticType) will compute sortal instead of relational. This invariant was violated before 0.229.208 (Jarawara used CatHead.n_plain which has selectsD = false).

theorem Adamson2024.ipossessable_n_heads_have_selectsD (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) (h : nh = teopBodyPartN ∨ nh = jarawaraIPossN ∨ nh = inheritedGenderN) : nh.selectsD = true

All iPossessable n-heads across all four languages have selectsD = true. Regression test: adding a new iPossessable n-head? Add it to the disjunction here. If it fails, the n-head is missing {D}.

Two derivation pipelines from a single n-head

A CatHead determines two things in parallel:

           ┌──→ gender ──→ article form   (PF pipeline)
CatHead ──┤
           └──→ NSemanticType ──→ can take possessor?   (semantic pipeline)

The PF pipeline genuinely threads: teopGenderFromN computes the gender, which feeds into vocabularyInsert as the article context. The semantic pipeline threads similarly: catHeadSemanticType computes the semantic type, which feeds into .toBarker.canTakePossessor.

The non-trivial claim is that these two pipelines produce correlated outputs: gender I co-occurs with relational semantics (possessor slot), and gender II co-occurs with non-relational (no possessor slot). The correlation is structural — both paths read selectsD from the same n-head.

def Adamson2024.teopPFDerive (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) (pl proprial : Bool := false) : Option String

The PF derivation pipeline: n-head → gender → article. Gender is an intermediate value computed from φ-features, then fed into VI as part of the article context.

Equations

• Adamson2024.teopPFDerive nh pl proprial = Morphology.DM.VI.vocabularyInsert Adamson2024.teopArticleRules { gender := Adamson2024.teopGenderFromN nh, plural := pl, proprial := proprial } ()

def Adamson2024.canTakePossessorSem (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) (mediatesAPoss : Bool := false) : Bool

The semantic derivation pipeline: n-head → semantic type → possessor capability. The semantic type is an intermediate value, fed into Barker's type classification to determine whether the noun can directly take a possessor. Generic over any CatHead — not Teop-specific despite the examples below.

Equations

• Adamson2024.canTakePossessorSem nh mediatesAPoss = (Morphology.DM.CategorizerSemantics.catHeadSemanticType nh mediatesAPoss).toBarker.canTakePossessor

theorem Adamson2024.pf_body_part : teopPFDerive teopBodyPartN = some "a"

theorem Adamson2024.pf_alienator : teopPFDerive teopAlienatorN = some "o"

theorem Adamson2024.sem_body_part : canTakePossessorSem teopBodyPartN = true

theorem Adamson2024.sem_alienator : canTakePossessorSem teopAlienatorN = false

theorem Adamson2024.pf_semantic_correlation (nh : Morphology.DM.CatHead) (h : nh = teopBodyPartN ∨ nh = teopAlienatorN) : (teopGenderFromN nh == Fragments.Teop.Gender.gI) = canTakePossessorSem nh

The two pipelines produce correlated results: the PF pipeline yields gender I exactly when the semantic pipeline yields possessor capability.

This is the Adamson–Barker correspondence. The gender alternation (gender I vs II) and the semantic type alternation (relational vs non-relational) are not independent — they are both downstream consequences of the same structural feature (selectsD on n).

Stated as a Bool identity: "is gender I" = "can take possessor".

Jarawara: PF pipeline via manoForm

Jarawara doesn't have articles, but it DOES have a PF pipeline: possessor features → impoverishment → MARKED feature check → possessed noun form (mano vs mani). This is the manoForm function from Fragments.Jarawara.

The semantic pipeline parallels Teop: the iPossessable n has {D} → relational semantic type → can take possessor. The gender is feminine because n has no marked gender feature, not because it lacks {D}.

def Adamson2024.jarawaraPFDerive (poss : Fragments.Jarawara.Possessor) : Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm

Jarawara PF pipeline: possessor features → impoverishment → MARKED feature check → possessed form (mano/mani). The possessor's features thread through each stage.

Equations

• Adamson2024.jarawaraPFDerive poss = Fragments.Jarawara.manoForm poss

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_pf_1sg : jarawaraPFDerive { person := Fragments.Jarawara.Person.first, number := Number.sg } = Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_pf_3msg : jarawaraPFDerive { person := Fragments.Jarawara.Person.third, number := Number.sg, gender := some Fragments.Jarawara.PossGender.masc } = Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_pf_3mpl : jarawaraPFDerive { person := Fragments.Jarawara.Person.third, number := Number.pl, gender := some Fragments.Jarawara.PossGender.masc } = Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_ipossessable_is_relational : Morphology.DM.CategorizerSemantics.catHeadSemanticType jarawaraIPossN = Morphology.DM.CategorizerSemantics.NSemanticType.relational

Jarawara iPossessable n has {D} → relational semantic type. The n head licenses an iPossessor AND yields relational (π) semantics.

theorem Adamson2024.jarawara_pf_semantic : jarawaraGenderFromN jarawaraIPossN = false ∧ canTakePossessorSem jarawaraIPossN = true

Jarawara PF–semantic correlation: iPossessable n yields feminine gender (no marked feature) AND relational semantics (has {D}). The correlation shows that Jarawara iPossessable nouns CAN take possessors despite being feminine — femininity reflects the absence of a gender feature, not the absence of a possessor slot.

Inherited gender: the GLH contrast

For Yanyuwa and Coastal Marind, the n-head has {D} → relational semantics. The key GLH prediction is a contrast: iPossessors (specN) can affect gender, aPossessors (specPoss) cannot. The contrast is captured by the GLH function applied to two different positions — not a chain, just two evaluations of the same predicate on different inputs.

theorem Adamson2024.inherited_gender_is_relational : Morphology.DM.CategorizerSemantics.catHeadSemanticType inheritedGenderN = Morphology.DM.CategorizerSemantics.NSemanticType.relational

The inherited-gender n head has {D} → relational semantic type. Gender is unvalued on n and comes from the iPossessor via Agree.

theorem Adamson2024.glh_contrast : Morphology.DM.genderLocalityHypothesis Morphology.DM.PossessionType.inalienable.possessorPosition = true ∧ Morphology.DM.genderLocalityHypothesis Morphology.DM.PossessionType.alienable.possessorPosition = false

The GLH contrast: iPossessors can affect gender, aPossessors cannot. This is not a derivation — it's two evaluations of genderLocalityHypothesis on the two possessor positions. The function does the work.

Beyond possession: number position and gender

@cite{adamson-2024} §5.1 extends the GLH beyond possession: if gender features sit on n, then OTHER features on n should also interact with gender. Number features on n (low/derivational number) are within nP and can interact with gender; number features on Num (high/inflectional) are outside nP and cannot.

Standard Italian confirms this: the -a plural class (braccio → braccia 'arm → arms') changes gender from masculine to feminine. These are low-number plurals (number on n). Regular -i plurals (libro → libri) preserve gender — they involve high number (on Num).

The same function (genderLocalityHypothesis) that predicts possession–gender interaction in Teop and Jarawara also predicts number–gender interaction in Italian. The GLH is a single principle applied to different feature types.

theorem Adamson2024.italian_fragment_bridge : (Fragments.Italian.NumberGender.allNouns.all fun (n : Fragments.Italian.NumberGender.NumberGenderNoun) => n.genderChanges == n.pluralClass.canAffectGender) = true

The Italian data confirms the GLH prediction: gender changes in the plural track the number position. Verified over the full noun inventory. The pipeline (numberGenderPipeline) composes PluralClass → NumberPosition → NominalPosition → GLH.

theorem Adamson2024.italian_body_part_dominance : (List.filter (fun (n : Fragments.Italian.NumberGender.NumberGenderNoun) => ["arm", "finger", "knee", "lip", "bone", "eyebrow"].contains n.gloss) Fragments.Italian.NumberGender.aPluralNouns).length = 6

Cross-linguistic convergence: the -a plural class is dominated by body parts (6 of 9). Body parts drive gender interaction in ALL four languages examined:

• Teop: body parts switch gender I/II with iPossession
• Jarawara: body parts are always iPossessable (feminine)
• Yanyuwa/Coastal Marind: body parts inherit possessor's gender
• Italian: body parts show the -a plural gender alternation