Jarawara Possessed Nouns [Ada24] [DV04]

Inalienably possessed noun classes and the mano 'arm' paradigm in Jarawara (Arawan), drawn from [Ada24] §3.2 and [DV04].

Key facts

• Jarawara has two genders: masculine (marked, [+MASC] on n) and feminine (unmarked, plain n)
• All ~175 iPossessable nouns are feminine when used "free" (without a possessor), consistent with being licensed by plain n
• iPossession is expressed by direct juxtaposition; aPossession uses the marker kaa
• The "masculine"/"feminine" alternations on possessed nouns reflect φ-agreement with the iPossessor, not gender assignment

Semantic Classification ([DV04] p. 311)

The iPossessable class maps onto the upper portion of the cross-linguistic inalienability hierarchy from Possession.Typology.

structure Jarawara.PossessedNounClass : Type

Semantic classification of Jarawara iPossessable nouns ([DV04] p. 311; [Ada24] Table 3).

• label : String
• memberCount : ℕ
• examples : List (String × String)
• inalienabilityRank : Possession.InalienabilityRank

  Nearest match on the cross-linguistic inalienability hierarchy.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass : Repr PossessedNounClass

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass = { reprPrec := Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass.repr }

def Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass.repr : PossessedNounClass → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Jarawara.orientation : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.wholeAndPart : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.bodyParts : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.partsOfPlants : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.physicalCharacteristics : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.noiseAndLanguage : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.imageAndDream : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.association : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.containers : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.waterFireLight : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.food : PossessedNounClass

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def Jarawara.place : PossessedNounClass

Equations

• Jarawara.place = { label := "Place", memberCount := 6, examples := [("hawi/hawine", "path"), ("tame/temene", "grave")], inalienabilityRank := Possession.InalienabilityRank.spatialRelation }

def Jarawara.allClasses : List PossessedNounClass

All 12 semantic classes of iPossessable nouns.

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theorem Jarawara.total_ipossessable : List.foldl (fun (x1 x2 : ℕ) => x1 + x2) 0 (List.map (fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => x.memberCount) allClasses) = 175

Total iPossessable nouns: ~175 ([DV04] p. 310).

inductive Jarawara.Person : Type

Person–number features of a Jarawara possessor.

• first : Person
• second : Person
• third : Person

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instDecidableEqPerson : DecidableEq Person

Equations

• Jarawara.instDecidableEqPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instReprPerson : Repr Person

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPerson = { reprPrec := Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr }

def Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr : Person → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr Jarawara.Person.first prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Jarawara.Person.first")).group prec✝
• Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr Jarawara.Person.second prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Jarawara.Person.second")).group prec✝
• Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr Jarawara.Person.third prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Jarawara.Person.third")).group prec✝

inductive Jarawara.PossGender : Type

• masc : PossGender
• fem : PossGender

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossGender : DecidableEq PossGender

Equations

• Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instReprPossGender : Repr PossGender

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPossGender = { reprPrec := Jarawara.instReprPossGender.repr }

def Jarawara.instReprPossGender.repr : PossGender → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPossGender.repr Jarawara.PossGender.masc prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Jarawara.PossGender.masc")).group prec✝
• Jarawara.instReprPossGender.repr Jarawara.PossGender.fem prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Jarawara.PossGender.fem")).group prec✝

def Jarawara.PossGender.toGender : PossGender → Gender

Bridge to cross-linguistic surface gender.

Equations

• Jarawara.PossGender.masc.toGender = Gender.masculine
• Jarawara.PossGender.fem.toGender = Gender.feminine

structure Jarawara.Possessor : Type

A possessor with full φ-features. Third person distinguishes gender; first and second person can be singular or plural, with clusivity for first person plural.

• person : Person
• number : UD.Number
• gender : Option PossGender

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor : DecidableEq Possessor

Equations

• Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor = Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor.decEq

def Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Possessor) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instReprPossessor : Repr Possessor

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPossessor = { reprPrec := Jarawara.instReprPossessor.repr }

def Jarawara.instReprPossessor.repr : Possessor → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instHasNumberPossessor : HasNumber Possessor

A possessor bears its φ-number (HasNumber).

Equations

• Jarawara.instHasNumberPossessor = { numberOf := fun (p : Jarawara.Possessor) => Number.fromUD p.number }

def Jarawara.Person.toPerson : Person → _root_.Person

Jarawara's local person in the canonical inventory.

Equations

• Jarawara.Person.first.toPerson = Person.first
• Jarawara.Person.second.toPerson = Person.second
• Jarawara.Person.third.toPerson = Person.third

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instHasPersonPossessor : HasPerson Possessor

A possessor bears its φ-person (HasPerson).

Equations

• Jarawara.instHasPersonPossessor = { personOf := fun (p : Jarawara.Possessor) => some p.person.toPerson }

inductive Jarawara.PossessedForm : Type

Possessed noun form: "masculine" (mano) or "feminine" (mani). These labels follow [DV04]'s terminology; they reflect φ-agreement with the possessor, not the noun's own gender (which is always feminine).

• mascForm : PossessedForm
• femForm : PossessedForm

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessedForm : DecidableEq PossessedForm

Equations

• Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessedForm x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm : Repr PossessedForm

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm = { reprPrec := Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm.repr }

def Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm.repr : PossessedForm → ℕ → Std.Format

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Derived mano paradigm ([Ada24] Appendix B)

The mano/mani alternation is derived from three components:

1. MARKED features: [PARTICIPANT] (1st/2nd person) and [MASC] (masculine possessor gender) are both MARKED.
2. Impoverishment (ex. 63): [MASC] → ∅ / [PL] and [MASC] → ∅ / [PARTICIPANT]. Impoverishment deletes [MASC] when [PL] or [PARTICIPANT] is present.
3. VI (A7): √MANV ↔ mano / [MARKED]; √MANV ↔ mani (elsewhere).

The derivation:

• 1st/2nd (any number): [PARTICIPANT] is MARKED → mano
• 3.M.SG: [MASC] survives (no [PL], no [PARTICIPANT]) → mano
• 3.F.SG: no MARKED feature → mani
• 3.M.PL: [MASC] deleted by impoverishment / [PL]; no [PARTICIPANT] → mani
• 3.F.PL / 3.PL: no MARKED feature → mani

def Jarawara.Possessor.isParticipant (p : Possessor) : Bool

Whether the possessor is a speech act participant ([PARTICIPANT]).

Equations

• p.isParticipant = (p.person != Jarawara.Person.third)

def Jarawara.Possessor.mascSurvivesImpoverishment (p : Possessor) : Bool

Whether the possessor has [MASC] that survives impoverishment. [MASC] is deleted when [PL] or [PARTICIPANT] is present.

Equations

• p.mascSurvivesImpoverishment = match p.gender with | some Jarawara.PossGender.masc => !p.isParticipant && p.number == UD.Number.Sing | x => false

def Jarawara.Possessor.hasMarkedFeature (p : Possessor) : Bool

Whether any MARKED feature remains after impoverishment. MARKED = [PARTICIPANT] or [MASC] (if it survives).

Equations

• p.hasMarkedFeature = (p.isParticipant || p.mascSurvivesImpoverishment)

def Jarawara.manoForm (p : Possessor) : PossessedForm

The possessed form of mano 'arm', derived from MARKED features, impoverishment, and VI (A7).

Equations

• Jarawara.manoForm p = if p.hasMarkedFeature = true then Jarawara.PossessedForm.mascForm else Jarawara.PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_1sg : manoForm { person := Person.first, number := UD.Number.Sing } = PossessedForm.mascForm

Table 5/6 verification: each possessor combination.

theorem Jarawara.mano_2sg : manoForm { person := Person.second, number := UD.Number.Sing } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_1pl : manoForm { person := Person.first, number := UD.Number.Plur } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_2pl : manoForm { person := Person.second, number := UD.Number.Plur } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_3m_sg : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := UD.Number.Sing, gender := some PossGender.masc } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_3f_sg : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := UD.Number.Sing, gender := some PossGender.fem } = PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_3pl : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := UD.Number.Plur } = PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Jarawara.mano_3m_pl : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := UD.Number.Plur, gender := some PossGender.masc } = PossessedForm.femForm

3.M.PL: [MASC] is deleted by impoverishment in context of [PL], and 3rd person is not [PARTICIPANT], so no MARKED feature remains.

theorem Jarawara.mano_3f_pl : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := UD.Number.Plur, gender := some PossGender.fem } = PossessedForm.femForm

3.F.PL: no [MASC], 3rd person not [PARTICIPANT] → elsewhere.

structure Jarawara.FreeVsPossessed : Type

A subset of nouns with attested free and iPossessed forms. Free forms are all feminine ([DV04] pp. 80, 285).

• free : String
• iPossessed : String
• gloss : String

def Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : FreeVsPossessed) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed : DecidableEq FreeVsPossessed

Equations

• Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed = Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed.decEq

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed : Repr FreeVsPossessed

Equations

• Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed = { reprPrec := Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed.repr }

def Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed.repr : FreeVsPossessed → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Jarawara.freeVsPossessedForms : List FreeVsPossessed

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theorem Jarawara.all_classes_inalienable : (allClasses.all fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => decide (x.inalienabilityRank.toNat ≥ Possession.InalienabilityRank.culturalItem.toNat)) = true

All Jarawara iPossessable classes fall at or above culturalItem on the cross-linguistic inalienability hierarchy. The three highest-ranked categories (body parts, spatial relations, part-whole) account for 112/175 = 64% of all iPossessable nouns.

theorem Jarawara.core_inalienable_majority : have core := List.filter (fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => decide (x.inalienabilityRank.toNat ≥ Possession.InalienabilityRank.partWhole.toNat)) allClasses; List.foldl (fun (x1 x2 : ℕ) => x1 + x2) 0 (List.map (fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => x.memberCount) core) = 118

The four highest-ranked inalienable categories (body parts, spatial relations, part-whole, and kinship-adjacent) account for the majority: 62 (body parts) + 17 (orientation) + 14 (whole/part) + 19 (plant parts)

• 6 (place) = 118 / 175.