Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013

@cite{dryer-2013-wals} @cite{dryer-haspelmath-2013}

Cross-linguistic subordination analysis anchored on @cite{dryer-2013-wals}'s WALS chapters on subordinator order (Ch 94) and OV-adposition correlation (Ch 95), augmented with three further dimensions (complementizer position, relative clause position, purpose clause strategy). The 20-language SubordinationProfile sample is the testbed.

Dryer's central observation

Subordination is one of the strongest head-direction correlations in typology. VO languages cluster with initial subordinators, prepositions, and post-nominal RCs; OV languages cluster with final subordinators, postpositions, and pre-nominal RCs. Disharmonic patterns (Persian, Hindi-Urdu, Mandarin) are typologically interesting exceptions.

Contents

• §1. The 20-language SubordinationProfile sample.
• §2. Per-language verification (subordinator order, complementizer position, RC position, OV-adposition cross-checks).
• §3. Q1--Q12 typological generalizations: head-direction correlations, RC-OV correlation, complementizer-subordinator mirroring, areal patterns.
• §4. Areal/disharmonic-language theorems.

Out of scope

The substrate types (SubordinatorOrder, OVAdpositionType, RelativeClause Position, SubordinationProfile, etc.) and corpus-only WALS generalizations live in Linglib/Typology/Complementation.lean. The 19-language Cristofaro ComplementationProfile sample lives in Studies/Cristofaro2013.lean. Noonan's CTP per-verb data lives in Studies/Noonan2007.lean.

def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subEnglish : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

English: VO with initial subordinators/complementizers, post-nominal RCs, infinitive purpose. Prototypical head-initial.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subJapanese : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Japanese: OV with final subordinators/complementizers, pre-nominal RCs, nominalized purpose. Prototypical head-final.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subTurkish : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Turkish: OV with subordinator suffixes, no overt complementizer (nominalized complements), pre-nominal RCs, nominalized purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subHindiUrdu : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Hindi-Urdu: OV with initial subordinators (disharmonic), correlative RCs (South Asian areal), infinitive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subMandarin : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Mandarin Chinese: SVO but pre-nominal RCs (mixed headedness), serial verb purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subArabic : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Arabic (MSA): VSO with initial subordinators/complementizers, post- nominal RCs, subjunctive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subKorean : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Korean: rigid OV like Japanese, suffixal subordination.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subIrish : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Irish: VSO with initial subordinators/complementizers, post-nominal RCs, subjunctive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subSwahili : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Swahili: SVO with initial subordinators/complementizers, post-nominal RCs, subjunctive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subPersian : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Persian: SOV with initial subordinators/complementizers (disharmonic for OV), post-nominal RCs (also disharmonic), infinitive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subGerman : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

German: V2 main / SOV embedded; mixed but initial subordinators.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subRussian : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Russian: SVO with initial subordinators/complementizers, post-nominal RCs, infinitive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subQuechua : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Quechua: rigid SOV with subordinator suffixes, no comp, pre-nominal RCs, nominalized purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subYoruba : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Yoruba: SVO with initial subordinators, post-nominal RCs, serial verb purpose (West African areal).

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subTagalog : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Tagalog: V-initial Austronesian, linker na for complementation/RCs.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subBasque : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Basque: SOV isolate with final subordinator suffixes, no overt complementizer, pre-nominal RCs, nominalized purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subNavajo : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Navajo: SOV (Na-Dene) with internally headed RCs.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subBambara : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Bambara: SOV (Mande) with canonical internally headed RCs.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subAmharic : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Amharic: SOV (Semitic) with final subordinators/complementizers but pre-nominal RCs, subjunctive purpose.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.subMalagasy : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

Malagasy: VOS Austronesian, head-initial subordination.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.allSubProfiles : List Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile

The 20-language sample.

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theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.sub_sample_size : allSubProfiles.length = 20

def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.countSubProfiles (pred : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile → Bool) : Nat

Count of profiles matching a predicate.

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• Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.countSubProfiles pred = (List.filter pred Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.allSubProfiles).length

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.vo_implies_initial_subordinator : have voLangs := List.filter (fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.isVO) allSubProfiles; (voLangs.all fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.hasInitialSubordinator) = true

All VO languages in the sample have initial subordinators.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.final_sub_implies_ov : have finalSubLangs := List.filter (fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.hasFinalSubordinator) allSubProfiles; (finalSubLangs.all fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.isOV) = true

All sample languages with final subordinators are OV.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.postnominal_rc_majority : (countSubProfiles fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.hasPostNominalRC) > countSubProfiles fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.hasPreNominalRC

Post-nominal RCs are the most common type in the sample.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.postnominal_rc_count : (countSubProfiles fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.hasPostNominalRC) = 10

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.prenominal_rc_count : (countSubProfiles fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.hasPreNominalRC) = 7

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.prenominal_rc_mostly_ov : have preNomOV := (List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.hasPreNominalRC && p.isOV) allSubProfiles).length; have preNomVO := (List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.hasPreNominalRC && p.isVO) allSubProfiles).length; preNomOV > preNomVO * 5

Pre-nominal RC languages are overwhelmingly OV (Mandarin is the famous head-mixed exception).

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.no_initial_sub_final_comp : have conflicts := List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.hasInitialSubordinator && p.compPosition == Typology.Complementation.ComplementizerPosition.final) allSubProfiles; conflicts.length = 0

No language in the sample has initial subordinator + final complementizer.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.no_final_sub_initial_comp : have conflicts := List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.hasFinalSubordinator && p.compPosition == Typology.Complementation.ComplementizerPosition.initial) allSubProfiles; conflicts.length = 0

No language in the sample has final subordinator + initial complementizer.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.sample_ov_mostly_postpositions : have ovPostp := (List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.ovAdposition == Typology.Complementation.OVAdpositionType.ovPostp) allSubProfiles).length; have ovPrep := (List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.ovAdposition == Typology.Complementation.OVAdpositionType.ovPrep) allSubProfiles).length; ovPostp > ovPrep * 5

In the sample, OV languages with postpositions outnumber OV languages with prepositions by at least 5x.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.nominalization_purpose_implies_ov : have nomPurp := List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.purposeStrategy == Typology.Complementation.PurposeClauseStrategy.nominalization) allSubProfiles; (nomPurp.all fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.isOV) = true

All nominalization-purpose languages in the sample are OV.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.serial_verb_purpose_mixed : have svPurp := List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.purposeStrategy == Typology.Complementation.PurposeClauseStrategy.serialVerb) allSubProfiles; ((svPurp.any fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.isVO) && decide ((svPurp.any fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.isOV) = true)) = true

Serial verb purpose clauses appear in both VO and OV languages.

def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.isConsistentlyHeadInitial (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) : Bool

"Consistently head-initial": initial sub + initial comp + post-nominal RC + VO.

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def Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.isConsistentlyHeadFinal (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) : Bool

"Consistently head-final": final sub + (final comp or none) + pre-nominal RC + OV.

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theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.consistency_dominant : have consistent := countSubProfiles isConsistentlyHeadInitial + countSubProfiles isConsistentlyHeadFinal; consistent > allSubProfiles.length / 2

Most sample languages are consistently head-initial or head-final.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.head_initial_count : countSubProfiles isConsistentlyHeadInitial = 9

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.head_final_count : countSubProfiles isConsistentlyHeadFinal = 6

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.persian_disharmonic : (subPersian.ovAdposition == Typology.Complementation.OVAdpositionType.ovPrep) = true ∧ (subPersian.compPosition == Typology.Complementation.ComplementizerPosition.initial) = true ∧ (subPersian.rcPosition == Typology.Complementation.RelativeClausePosition.postNominal) = true

Persian: OV with prepositions (Ch 95 type), initial complementizer, post-nominal RC.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.hindi_disharmonic : subHindiUrdu.isOV = true ∧ subHindiUrdu.hasInitialSubordinator = true

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.mandarin_disharmonic : subMandarin.isVO = true ∧ subMandarin.hasPreNominalRC = true

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.correlative_rc_rare : (List.filter (fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.rcPosition == Typology.Complementation.RelativeClausePosition.correlative) allSubProfiles).length = 1

Correlative RCs are an areal feature; only Hindi-Urdu in the sample.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.correlative_is_hindi : ((List.filter (fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.rcPosition == Typology.Complementation.RelativeClausePosition.correlative) allSubProfiles).all fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.language == "Hindi-Urdu") = true

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.internal_rc_rare : (List.filter (fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.rcPosition == Typology.Complementation.RelativeClausePosition.internallyHeaded) allSubProfiles).length = 2

Internally headed RCs are typologically rare; Navajo and Bambara in the sample.

theorem Phenomena.Complementation.Studies.Dryer2013.sub_suffix_implies_ov : have suffixLangs := List.filter (fun (p : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => p.subordinatorOrder == Typology.Complementation.SubordinatorOrder.finalSuffix) allSubProfiles; (suffixLangs.all fun (x : Typology.Complementation.SubordinationProfile) => x.isOV) = true

All sample languages with subordinator suffixes are OV. Suffixal subordination requires the subordinated verb to be identifiable by position, which OV order provides.