Negative Auxiliaries #
@cite{anderson-2006} @cite{heine-1993} @cite{miestamo-2005}
Some languages express sentential negation through a negative auxiliary verb that hosts inflection (tense, agreement) while the lexical verb appears in a nonfinite form. This is a special case of the aux-headed AVC pattern.
Cross-linguistic strategies #
| Strategy | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| NegVerb | Inflected neg aux + nonfinite LV | Finnish ei mene 'NEG.3SG go' |
| NegAffix | Bound negative morpheme | Kwerba or-, Tswana ga/se |
| NegParticle | Free negative particle | English not, Italian non |
The neg-verb strategy is particularly interesting because the negative element is itself an auxiliary verb, creating an AVC with the negative verb as inflectional head.
Types #
Strategy for expressing sentential negation.
- negVerb : NegStrategy
Negative auxiliary verb that inflects (Finnish ei, Komi oz).
- negAffix : NegStrategy
Bound negative morpheme (Kwerba or- prefix, Tswana ga/se).
- negParticle : NegStrategy
Free negative particle (English not).
Instances For
Equations
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.instDecidableEqNegStrategy x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Functions #
A negative verb creates an AVC and therefore has an expected inflectional pattern: aux-headed (the neg verb hosts inflection). Affixes and particles do not create AVCs.
Equations
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negVerb.expectedInflPattern = some Typology.AuxiliaryVerbs.InflPattern.auxHeaded
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negAffix.expectedInflPattern = none
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negParticle.expectedInflPattern = none
Instances For
Is this strategy verbal (i.e., does it create an AVC)?
Equations
Instances For
Project a negation strategy onto its grammaticalization-cline
stage (@cite{heine-1993}, @cite{anderson-2006} ch. 7). A negative
verb (Finnish ei, Komi oz) sits at the auxiliary stage; a
negative affix (bound morpheme) is one stage further along the
cline. A free negative particle (English not, Italian non)
is not on the verbal cline at all — particles are not bleached
verbs and don't have a "stage" of grammaticalization in
Heine's/Anderson's verbal sense. Returning none for .negParticle
rather than collapsing it onto .auxiliary (an earlier
formaliser shorthand) preserves @cite{miestamo-2005}'s
particle-vs-verb morphological distinction; the cross-framework
equivalence theorem auxiliary_stage_iff_aux_verb_morpheme in
Phenomena/AuxiliaryVerbs/Studies/Anderson2006.lean makes the
Anderson-cline / Miestamo-morpheme-type agreement Lean-checkable.
Equations
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negVerb.toGramStage = some Diachronic.Grammaticalization.GramStage.auxiliary
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negAffix.toGramStage = some Diachronic.Grammaticalization.GramStage.affix
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negParticle.toGramStage = none
Instances For
Data #
A negative auxiliary datum.
- language : String
- strategy : NegStrategy
- form : String
- gloss : String
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.instBEqNegAuxDatum.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false
Instances For
Finnish ei — negative auxiliary verb (inflects for person/number).
The 3sg citation form derives from Fragments.Finnish.Negation.negParadigm.
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Komi oz — negative auxiliary verb (@cite{anderson-2006}).
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Udihe e-si — negative auxiliary verb (past tense on neg aux) (@cite{anderson-2006}).
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Kwerba or- — negative affix (prefix on verb) (@cite{anderson-2006}).
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Tswana ga/se — negative affixes (preverbal bound morphemes in the Bantu verbal complex; ga in indicative, se in subjunctive/hortative).
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
English not — negative particle (does not create an AVC).
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Italian non — preverbal negative particle (symmetric negation).
Form derived from Fragments.Italian.Negation.non.form.
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Theorems #
Negative verbs create aux-headed AVCs.
Negative affixes do not create AVCs.
Negative particles do not create AVCs.
Per-datum verification #
Bridge to Finnish Fragment #
The Finnish negative auxiliary form derives from the Fragment paradigm.
Bridge to Italian Fragment #
The Italian negative particle form derives from the Fragment negation marker.
Bridge to Negation Typology (WALS Ch 112) #
NegStrategy in this file and NegMorphemeType in Typology.Negation
classify the same dimension — the morphological status of the negative marker.
This bridge maps between them.
Map from AVC-oriented NegStrategy to WALS-oriented NegMorphemeType.
Equations
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negVerb.toNegMorphemeType = Typology.Negation.NegMorphemeType.auxVerb
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negAffix.toNegMorphemeType = Typology.Negation.NegMorphemeType.affix
- Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.NegativeAuxiliaries.NegStrategy.negParticle.toNegMorphemeType = Typology.Negation.NegMorphemeType.particle