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Linglib.Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites

Yakut (Sakha) Indefinite Pronouns #

@cite{stachowski-menz-1998} @cite{haspelmath-1997} @cite{wals-2013}

Yakut indefinites are uniformly built from interrogative pronouns + an enclitic particle. Per @cite{stachowski-menz-1998} p. 423, four series:

FormGlossCoverage
kim ere'somebody (specific)'SK + SU
kim eme'somebody, anybody'NS
kim bayarar'whoever, every'FC + conditional
kim da'anybody (polarity)'Q + Cond + Comp + IndNeg + DirNeg

-dayanï is a phonological variant of da (S&M p. 423, "kim da or kim dayanï 'anybody'"); not formalized as a separate entry.

Since all four series use the interrogative kim 'who' as their host, the paradigm derives to @cite{wals-2013} F46A .interrogativeBased — matching WALS's classification for iso = "sah" (verified in Phenomena/Indefinites/Typology.lean).

The Degano & Aloni 7-type classification of ere and eme (types ii and iii respectively, after @cite{bubnov-2026} Table 1) is theory-side projection — see Theories/Semantics/Quantification/DeganoAloni2025.lean. The free-choice and polarity-sensitive series (bayarar, da) fall outside D&A's SK/SU/NS subdivision; their D&A surface-classification is none by design.

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def Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.ereEntry :
Typology.Indefinite.IndefiniteEntry

Yakut kim ere: enclitic particle for specific indefinites; covers both specific-known and specific-unknown functions (ABB syncretism). @cite{stachowski-menz-1998} p. 423; @cite{bubnov-2026} Table 1 (D&A type ii).

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    def Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.emeEntry :
    Typology.Indefinite.IndefiniteEntry

    Yakut kim eme: enclitic particle for irrealis non-specific indefinites; kim eme 'somebody, anybody'. @cite{stachowski-menz-1998} p. 423; @cite{bubnov-2026} Table 1 (D&A type iii).

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      def Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.bayararEntry :
      Typology.Indefinite.IndefiniteEntry

      Yakut kim bayarar: generalizing/free-choice indefinite, kim bayarar 'whoever (s)he may be, every'. Outside D&A's SK/SU/NS subdivision — its surface D&A classification is none. @cite{stachowski-menz-1998} p. 423.

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        def Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.daEntry :
        Typology.Indefinite.IndefiniteEntry

        Yakut kim da (~ kim dayanï): polarity-sensitive indefinite, used in both affirmative and negative environments (@cite{stachowski-menz-1998} p. 423: 'anybody'). Covers questions, conditionals, comparatives, and both negation regions. Outside D&A's SK/SU/NS subdivision.

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          def Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.paradigm :
          Typology.Indefinite.IndefiniteParadigm

          The Yakut indefinite paradigm: four interrogative-based series.

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            theorem Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.yakut_paradigm_is_ABB :
            paradigm.syncretism = some Typology.Indefinite.SyncretismPattern.ABB

            The SK/SU/NS portion of the paradigm exhibits Haspelmath's ABB syncretism: NS distinct (kim eme), SU + SK coexpressed (kim ere). Derived from the entry forms via classifyTriple.

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            theorem Fragments.Yakut.Indefinites.yakut_paradigm_is_interrogativeBased :
            paradigm.toWALS46A = some Data.WALS.F46A.IndefinitePronouns.interrogativeBased

            Yakut's paradigm uses a single morphological basis (interrogative kim) across all four forms, deriving the WALS F46A classification .interrogativeBased. The cross-check against @cite{wals-2013} F46A.allData lives in Phenomena/Indefinites/Typology.lean.