Tagalog plurality profile (WALS Chs 33–36)

@cite{wals-2013} @cite{himmelmann-2005-tagalog} @cite{schachter-otanes-1972}

The four WALS values committed below match the WALS v2020.4 entry for Tagalog (tgl).

Coding (Ch 33): plural word mga

WALS Ch 33 codes Tagalog as "plural word." @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} §3.9 (p. 111) calls mga (phonemic /maŋah/, orthographic per @cite{himmelmann-2005-tagalog} p. 353) a PROCLITIC — not an article, not a free word. It has two readings: plural ('the children') and approximative with cardinals ('about ten'). @cite{kroeger-1991-thesis} treats it as enclitic on the preceding case marker (cf. p. 22 ex. 2: ang=mga=bata? NOM=PL=child), without arguing the analysis.

Distribution restrictions (@cite{schachter-otanes-1972} p. 112): mga does NOT occur with cardinal numbers (sampung anak 'ten children', not \*sampung mga anak; mga sampu yields the approximative reading 'about ten'); does NOT occur after the personal-noun markers si/ni/kay; and is non-obligatory throughout — "the pluralization of a noun need not — and, in some cases in fact, cannot — be formally signaled if the context makes the plural meaning clear" (p. 111).

Associative plural (Ch 36): sina

For the associative reading ('X and associates'), Tagalog uses sina X (personal-name plural marker + name); the mga X construction with a proper-name complement carries a different meaning ('two or more people with the same name', e.g. ang mga Santos 'the Santoses'). The contrast is drawn explicitly in @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} p. 113: "mga construction is used to designate two or more people with the same name, while the plural-marker construction is used to designate the person named plus other people. Thus ang mga Santos is 'the Santoses', while sina Santos is 'Santos and others (who may or may not also be named Santos)'."

The personal-name marker paradigm si/ni/kay (sg) ↔ sina/nina/kina (pl) is given as a single table by @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} §3.9 (p. 113); S&O analyse the plurals as derived by suffixation of -na (with a vowel change for kay → kina), not as a suppletive paradigm. @cite{kroeger-1991-thesis} (p. 14 ex. 12) and @cite{himmelmann-2005-tagalog} (Table 12.2, p. 358) tabulate only the singular set; the plural set surfaces in Kroeger's glosses (e.g. p. 25 ex. 7 sina=Ben 'Ben and the others'; p. 124 ex. 33) but is not analytically discussed.

Pronoun plurality (Ch 35) and clusivity gap

The substrate's .personNumberStem value matches WALS Ch 35 but underdetermines Tagalog's actual paradigm: kata (1+2 minimal-inclusive, the "we two" form per S&O Chart 7 p. 88), tayo (1+2 augmented-inclusive covering any 1+2+others grouping per S&O p. 89 — not specifically 1+2+3), and kami (1+3 exclusive) instantiate Cysouw's minimal-augmented type (see Fragments.Tagalog.clusivitySystem in Fragments/Tagalog/Pronouns.lean). The full Table 12.2 paradigm from @cite{himmelmann-2005-tagalog} is also documented there.

def Fragments.Tagalog.pluralityProfile : Typology.PluralityProfile

Tagalog plurality profile across @cite{wals-2013} Chs 33-36.

Coding (Ch 33): plural word mga. Occurrence (Ch 34): all nouns, always optional. Pronoun plurality (Ch 35): person-number stem (refined to minimal-augmented in Fragments.Tagalog.clusivitySystem). Associative (Ch 36): unique periphrastic — sina on personal names.

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structure Fragments.Tagalog.MgaDistribution : Type

Distributional facts about the mga proclitic per @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} §3.9 (pp. 111–112).

• withCardinals : Bool

  mga may co-occur with cardinal numerals. False per S&O p. 112: sampung anak 'ten children', not \*sampung mga anak; with cardinals, mga yields the approximative reading instead (see approximativeWithCardinals).

• withPersonalNameMarkers : Bool

  mga may follow the personal-noun markers si/ni/kay. False per S&O p. 112; the personal-name plural paradigm sina/nina/kina occupies that slot (see personalNameMarkers).

• withMassNouns : Bool

  mga with mass nouns is restricted: "mass nouns... normally do not occur freely with mga" (@cite{schachter-otanes-1972} p. 112). The marker IS attested with mass nouns under two specific readings: "several masses" (mga balita 'news.PL') or with an implied deleted count noun (mga tubig = mga baso ng tubig 'glasses of water'). Encoded as true in the conditional sense; the defaults-are-blocked sense is documented in this comment.

• withAdjectives : Bool

  mga applies in adjective phrases (S&O §4.11 pp. 229–230). True.

• approximativeWithCardinals : Bool

  With cardinal numerals mga yields an approximative ('about N') reading rather than a plural one (S&O p. 111: mga sampu 'about ten', mga ala una 'about one o'clock'). True.

• optional : Bool

  Plural marking is non-obligatory throughout: "the pluralization of a noun need not — and, in some cases in fact, cannot — be formally signaled if the context makes the plural meaning clear" (S&O p. 111).

def Fragments.Tagalog.instReprMgaDistribution.repr : MgaDistribution → Nat → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Tagalog.instReprMgaDistribution : Repr MgaDistribution

Equations

• Fragments.Tagalog.instReprMgaDistribution = { reprPrec := Fragments.Tagalog.instReprMgaDistribution.repr }

def Fragments.Tagalog.mgaDistribution : MgaDistribution

The Tagalog mga distribution per @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} pp. 111–112.

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structure Fragments.Tagalog.PersonalNameMarkers : Type

The Tagalog personal-name marker paradigm per @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} §3.9 (pp. 93, 113). Three cases × two numbers; the plurals are derived by -na suffixation, with a vowel change for kay → kina.

• nomSg : String
• nomPl : String
• genSg : String
• genPl : String
• datSg : String
• datPl : String

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Tagalog.instReprPersonalNameMarkers : Repr PersonalNameMarkers

Equations

• Fragments.Tagalog.instReprPersonalNameMarkers = { reprPrec := Fragments.Tagalog.instReprPersonalNameMarkers.repr }

def Fragments.Tagalog.instReprPersonalNameMarkers.repr : PersonalNameMarkers → Nat → Std.Format

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def Fragments.Tagalog.personalNameMarkers : PersonalNameMarkers

Tagalog personal-name markers per @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} p. 113.

Equations

• Fragments.Tagalog.personalNameMarkers = { nomSg := "si", nomPl := "sina", genSg := "ni", genPl := "nina", datSg := "kay", datPl := "kina" }

theorem Fragments.Tagalog.personalNameMarkers_na_suffixation_regular : personalNameMarkers.nomPl = personalNameMarkers.nomSg ++ "na" ∧ personalNameMarkers.genPl = personalNameMarkers.genSg ++ "na"

The NOM and GEN plural personal-name markers are formed by suffixing -na to the singular, per @cite{schachter-otanes-1972} p. 113.

theorem Fragments.Tagalog.personalNameMarkers_dat_irregular : personalNameMarkers.datPl ≠ personalNameMarkers.datSg ++ "na"

The DAT plural kina is NOT formed by simple -na suffixation: kay + na ≠ kina. S&O p. 113 describes a vowel change /ay/ → /i/ accompanying the -na affix. The exceptional shape is what makes the paradigm worth tabulating; the regular cases follow personalNameMarkers_na_suffixation_regular.