Tagalog pronoun profile (WALS Chs 39, 40, 44–48)

[DH13b] [Him05]

Pronoun paradigm (Himmelmann 2005 Table 12.2, p. 358)

                ANG-FORM      NG-FORM       SA-FORM
1.SG            akó           ko            akin
2.SG            ikáw / ka     mo            iyo / iyó
3.SG            siyá          niyá          kaniyá
1.DU.IN         kitá / katá   nitá          kanitá
1.PL.IN         tayo          natin         atin
1.PL.EX         kamí          namin         amin
2.PL            kayó          ninyó         inyó
3.PL            silá          nilá          kanilá

[Him05] labels the columns SPEC / POSS(GEN) / LOC(DAT) (p. 358; the sa-form of personal pronouns and personal names is glossed DAT rather than LOC because of distributional differences). [Kro91] (p. 14, ex. 12) uses the cleaner labels NOMINATIVE / GENITIVE / DATIVE, explicitly rejecting the older "topic"/"complement" terminology.

Clusivity (system-level)

Tagalog instantiates Cysouw's minimal-augmented type ([Cys09]): the inclusive splits into a minimal 1du.in form (1+2 only, "we two") and an augmented tayo (1+2+others — speaker + addressee + additional referents, of any number; [SO72] p. 89 glosses it as "you (singular) and I (and others)" / "you (plural) and I"); the exclusive kami remains a single category. This is a finer typological cut than WALS Ch 39's binary incl/excl coding can express, which is why the WALS-derived Pronoun.inclusiveExclusive "tgl" underdetermines the paradigm.

The kitá / katá cell warrants care. [SO72] Chart 7 (p. 88) tabulates the 1du.in NOM as kata (with nita/kanita GEN/DAT) — and adds a separate portmanteau kita (p. 89) that combines 1sg.GEN with 2sg.NOM (occurring "in place of the non-occurring sequences \*ko ka and \*ka ko", e.g. in 'I [verb] you' constructions). [Him05]'s Table 12.2 lists kitá / katá together as the 1.DU.IN ang-form, conflating these. S&O (p. 89) further note that "the dual non-plural pronouns are obsolescent in educated Manila Tagalog, and many speakers do not use them at all, using the dual plural tayo/natin/atin for 'you (singular) and I' as well as 'you (plural) and I'." The minimal-augmented classification therefore reflects the historical/textbook system; modern colloquial Manila Tagalog effectively collapses to plain inclExcl.

def Tagalog.clusivitySystem : Features.Clusivity.System

Tagalog clusivity system per [Cys09]: minimal-augmented, with the historical 1-dual-inclusive kata ([SO72] p. 88) alongside the augmented-inclusive tayo and the exclusive kami. Modern Manila Tagalog has largely lost the dual; this field reflects the textbook paradigm, not colloquial usage. Refines the binary WALS Ch 39 value Pronoun.inclusiveExclusive "tgl" (derived from Data.WALS).

Equations

• Tagalog.clusivitySystem = Features.Clusivity.System.minimalAugmented

The independent-pronoun paradigm per [SO72] Chart 7 (p. 88): each cell is a PersonalPronoun carrying person, number, and clusivity, in three case series — ang (NOM), ng (GEN), sa (DAT). The [Cys09] category is derived from those features (Pronoun.category), not stored. The minimal-augmented split is the dual inclusive kata (1+2) vs the plural inclusive tayo (1+2+others), with the exclusive kami (1+others). The kitá form [Him05] Table 12.2 lists alongside katá is a separate 1sg.GEN+2sg.NOM portmanteau ([SO72] p. 89), not a 1du.in pronoun.

def Tagalog.ako : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.ako = { form := "ako", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.ko : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.ko = { form := "ko", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.akin : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.akin = { form := "akin", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.ikaw : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.ikaw = { form := "ikaw", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.mo : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.mo = { form := "mo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.iyo : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.iyo = { form := "iyo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.siya : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.siya = { form := "siya", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.niya : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.niya = { form := "niya", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.kaniya : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.kaniya = { form := "kaniya", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.kata : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.kata = { form := "kata", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.dual, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.nita : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.nita = { form := "nita", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.dual, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.kanita : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.kanita = { form := "kanita", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.dual, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.tayo : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.tayo = { form := "tayo", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.natin : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.natin = { form := "natin", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.atin : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.atin = { form := "atin", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.kami : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.kami = { form := "kami", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.namin : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.namin = { form := "namin", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.amin : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.amin = { form := "amin", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.kayo : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.kayo = { form := "kayo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.ninyo : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.ninyo = { form := "ninyo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.inyo : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.inyo = { form := "inyo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.sila : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.sila = { form := "sila", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.nom }

def Tagalog.nila : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.nila = { form := "nila", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.gen }

def Tagalog.kanila : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Tagalog.kanila = { form := "kanila", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.dat }

def Tagalog.pronouns : List PersonalPronoun

The Tagalog independent-pronoun inventory (all three case series).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Tagalog.angSeries : List PersonalPronoun

The ang (nominative) series, one form per [Cys09] category in canonical order.

Equations

• Tagalog.angSeries = [Tagalog.ako, Tagalog.ikaw, Tagalog.siya, Tagalog.kata, Tagalog.tayo, Tagalog.kami, Tagalog.kayo, Tagalog.sila]

theorem Tagalog.angSeries_categories_match : List.map (fun (x : PersonalPronoun) => x.category) angSeries = List.map some Person.Category.all

The ang series realizes exactly [Cys09]'s eight person categories — derived from each form's person + number + clusivity, not stored as a tag.

theorem Tagalog.incl_excl_distinct : tayo.person = some Person.firstInclusive ∧ kami.person = some Person.firstExclusive

Tagalog marks inclusive/exclusive in the first-person plural: tayo is inclusive, kami exclusive — read off the object's clusivity field.

theorem Tagalog.minimal_augmented : kata.number = some Number.dual ∧ kata.person = some Person.firstInclusive ∧ tayo.number = some Number.plural ∧ tayo.person = some Person.firstInclusive

The minimal-augmented property: a dual inclusive kata (1+2) alongside the plural inclusive tayo — what makes Tagalog minimal-augmented rather than plain inclusive/exclusive ([Cys09]).

theorem Tagalog.clusivity_system_consistent : (pronouns.any fun (p : PersonalPronoun) => decide (p.category = some Person.Category.minIncl)) = clusivitySystem.hasMinimalAugmented

Cross-substrate consistency: the inventory contains a minimal-inclusive (dual inclusive) form iff the language commits to the minimal-augmented clusivity system.

theorem Tagalog.all_wellFormed : (pronouns.all fun (p : PersonalPronoun) => decide p.WellFormed) = true

Every Tagalog pronoun is well-formed: clusivity is borne only by the first-person dual/plural forms (Pronoun.WellFormed).

theorem Tagalog.wals_clusivity_consistent : Pronoun.inclusiveExclusive "tgl" = some (Pronoun.InclusiveExclusive.fromClusivity clusivitySystem)

WALS Ch 39's coding of Tagalog agrees with the image of its Cysouw clusivity system under fromClusivity. The WALS value is derived from the Data.WALS layer by ISO (no hand-stipulation), so this catches drift between WALS and the clusivity commitment.