Tagalog pronouns

Tagalog has eight personal pronouns, one for each of Cysouw's referential categories and no two sharing a form: the speaker ako, the addressee ikaw (enclitic ka), a third party siya, the speaker and addressee kata, the speaker and addressee with others tayo, the speaker with others kami, the addressees kayo and the others sila. Each comes in three case series: the ang forms for the subject, the ng forms for possessors and for non-subject agents and objects, and the sa forms for obliques, which Himmelmann labels specifier, possessive and locative and Kroeger nominative, genitive and dative. The inclusive is split between a dual kata and a plural tayo, the minimal-augmented type of Cysouw's first-person hierarchy. Schachter and Otanes note that the dual is obsolescent in educated Manila Tagalog, where tayo covers both, and that the kita Himmelmann lists beside kata is a portmanteau of the first-person singular ng form and the second-person singular ang form, not a dual.

Main definitions

• Tagalog.ang, Tagalog.ng, Tagalog.sa — the three case series, a form for each category
• Tagalog.entry, Tagalog.pronouns — the pronoun entries, with the person and number of their category

Main results

• Tagalog.entry_categories, Tagalog.entry_wellFormed — an entry denotes its category
• Tagalog.paradigm_nom — the inventory's subject paradigm is the ang series
• Tagalog.ang_injective — no two categories share an ang form

References

• [Cys03]
• [Him05]
• [Kro91]
• [SO72]

def Tagalog.number (c : Person.Category) : Number

The number of a category: singular for a single member, dual for the speaker and addressee alone, and plural for the other groups.

Equations

• Tagalog.number c = if c.IsSingular then Number.singular else if c = Person.Category.speakerAddressee then Number.dual else Number.plural

def Tagalog.ang : Person.Category → String

The ang series, the subject forms.

Equations

• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.speaker = "ako"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.addressee = "ikaw"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.other = "siya"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.speakerAddressee = "kata"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.speakerAddresseeOthers = "tayo"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.speakerOthers = "kami"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.addresseeOthers = "kayo"
• Tagalog.ang Person.Category.others = "sila"

def Tagalog.ng : Person.Category → String

The ng series, the forms of possessors and of non-subject agents and objects.

Equations

• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.speaker = "ko"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.addressee = "mo"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.other = "niya"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.speakerAddressee = "nita"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.speakerAddresseeOthers = "natin"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.speakerOthers = "namin"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.addresseeOthers = "ninyo"
• Tagalog.ng Person.Category.others = "nila"

def Tagalog.sa : Person.Category → String

The sa series, the oblique forms.

Equations

• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.speaker = "akin"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.addressee = "iyo"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.other = "kaniya"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.speakerAddressee = "kanita"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.speakerAddresseeOthers = "atin"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.speakerOthers = "amin"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.addresseeOthers = "inyo"
• Tagalog.sa Person.Category.others = "kanila"

def Tagalog.entry (c : Person.Category) (k : Case) (form : String) : PersonalPronoun

The pronoun of a category in a case series, with the series' comparative value.

Equations

• Tagalog.entry c k form = { form := form, person := some c.person, number := some (Tagalog.number c), case_ := some k.label }

def Tagalog.pronouns : Finset PersonalPronoun

The pronoun inventory: the three series over the eight categories.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Tagalog.entry_categories (c : Person.Category) (k : Case) (f : String) : (entry c k f).categories = {c}

An entry denotes exactly its category.

theorem Tagalog.entry_wellFormed (c : Person.Category) (k : Case) (f : String) : (entry c k f).WellFormed

Clusivity is borne only by the non-singular first-person entries.

theorem Tagalog.paradigm_nom (c : Person.Category) : PersonalPronoun.paradigm ({x ∈ pronouns | x.case_ = some Case.nom}) c = {ang c}

The inventory's paradigm in a case series is the series: the subject forms are the ang forms.

theorem Tagalog.ang_injective : Function.Injective ang

No two categories share an ang form.