Swedish particles

The modal particle väl and the polarity particles ja, nej and jo.

Väl is a clause-medial modal particle of declaratives: the speaker suspects but is not certain that the proposition is true and expects the addressee to take a stance on it, so that a declarative with väl is a question rather than an assertion ([SR18]). Unlike German wohl it lacks a reportative meaning. Its role in rejecting questions, with low negation and with men 'but', is analysed in SeeligerRepp2018. Swedish also has clause-initial visst and nog, which can mark positive rejecting questions and are not formalized here.

The polarity particles are Swedish.PolarityParticle: ja 'yes', nej 'no', and jo, glossed yes.REV, the polarity-reversing affirmative that confirms the positive alternative of a negative question ([Hol16]).

References

• [SR18]
• [Hol16]

Modal particles

def Swedish.Particles.val : Particle

väl — clause-medial modal particle (after the finite verb) of matrix declaratives. That a declarative with väl is a question and not an assertion is a matter of speech act, not of clause type, analysed in SeeligerRepp2018.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

inductive Swedish.PolarityParticle : Type

The Swedish polarity particles.

• ja : PolarityParticle

  ja 'yes': Vill han ha kaffe? 'Does he want coffee?' — Ja.

• nej : PolarityParticle

  nej 'no': Har Johan inte kommit? 'Has Johan not arrived?' — Nej, he has not.

• jo : PolarityParticle

  jo 'yes.REV', contradicting a negative: Har Johan inte kommit? — Jo, he has.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Swedish.instDecidableEqPolarityParticle : DecidableEq PolarityParticle

Equations

• Swedish.instDecidableEqPolarityParticle x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Swedish.instReprPolarityParticle.repr : PolarityParticle → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Swedish.instReprPolarityParticle : Repr PolarityParticle

Equations

• Swedish.instReprPolarityParticle = { reprPrec := Swedish.instReprPolarityParticle.repr }

@[instance_reducible]

instance Swedish.instFintypePolarityParticle : Fintype PolarityParticle

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Swedish.PolarityParticle.form : PolarityParticle → String

The spelling of a polarity particle.

Equations

• Swedish.PolarityParticle.ja.form = "ja"
• Swedish.PolarityParticle.nej.form = "nej"
• Swedish.PolarityParticle.jo.form = "jo"