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Linglib.Fragments.Statimcets.Modals

St'át'imcets (Lillooet Salish) Modal Inventory #

@cite{matthewson-2016} @cite{rullmann-matthewson-davis-2008}

St'át'imcets (ISO 639-3 lil, also known as Lillooet) modal system. The system demonstrates two key typological properties:

  1. Single morpheme, multiple forces: the enclitic =ka can express either deontic permission or obligation depending on context (@cite{matthewson-2016} example 1).
  2. Dedicated ability morpheme: the circumfix ka-...-a is restricted to ability/circumstantial possibility, contrasting with the force-variable =ka (@cite{matthewson-2005}).
  3. Lexicalized epistemic/circumstantial split: epistemic and circumstantial modality are expressed by distinct morphological strategies. Epistemic modals are typically second-position clitics (ima, gat-type elements, shared with related Salish languages), while circumstantial modals are predicative verbs or circumfixes.

St'át'imcets modal expressions (from @cite{rullmann-matthewson-davis-2008}) #

FormTypeFlavourForce
=kaencliticdeonticposs + nec
ka-...-acircumfixcircumstantialpossibility
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def Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.ka :
Semantics.Modality.Typology.ModalExpression

Deontic enclitic: variable force (permission or obligation). @cite{matthewson-2016} example 1:

  • wá7=ka s-lep' i=k'ún7=a ku=pála7 máqa7 'The eggs can/have to stay in the ground for a year.'
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    def Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.kaCircumfix :
    Semantics.Modality.Typology.ModalExpression

    Ability circumfix: fixed possibility force, circumstantial flavour. @cite{matthewson-2005}:

    • ka-xílh-ts-tal'í-ha 'could do it the fastest'
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      def Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.allExpressions :
      List Semantics.Modality.Typology.ModalExpression
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        Force analysis #

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        def Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.forceAnalysis :
        Semantics.Modality.Typology.ModalExpression → Core.Modality.ForceAnalysis

        =ka is variable-force (single deontic flavour, both forces). ka-...-a is fixed possibility.

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          Background classification #

          Both St'át'imcets modals formalized here are factual-circumstantial: =ka is deontic (norms as ordering source) and ka-...-a is ability (circumstantial facts). The factual-evidential and content-evidential classes in St'át'imcets are expressed by the evidential elements k'a and lákw7a, which are not formalized here.

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          def Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.backgroundClass :
          Semantics.Modality.Typology.ModalExpression → Core.Modality.BackgroundClass
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            Typological properties #

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            theorem Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.ka_satisfies_iff :
            Semantics.Modality.Typology.satisfiesIFF ka.meaning = true

            =ka satisfies IFF (trivially: single flavour, variable force = Cartesian product {poss, nec} × {deontic}).

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            theorem Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.ka_satisfies_sav :
            Semantics.Modality.Typology.satisfiesSAV ka.meaning = true

            =ka satisfies SAV: varies on force axis only.

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            theorem Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.kaCircumfix_satisfies_iff :
            Semantics.Modality.Typology.satisfiesIFF kaCircumfix.meaning = true

            ka-...-a satisfies IFF (singleton meaning).

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            theorem Fragments.Statimcets.Modals.all_satisfy_iff :
            (allExpressions.all fun (e : Semantics.Modality.Typology.ModalExpression) => Semantics.Modality.Typology.satisfiesIFF e.meaning) = true

            All St'át'imcets modals satisfy IFF.