Spanish Pronoun Fragment

@cite{adamson-zompi-2025}

Personal pronouns (strong forms) for Spanish, including the polite pronoun USTED.

T/V distinction

Spanish has a T/V distinction:

• Singular: tú (familiar T) vs usted (formal V, 3sg agreement)
• Plural: vosotros (familiar, Peninsular) vs ustedes (formal / general)

USTED and the PCC

Like Italian LEI, USTED triggers 3sg verbal agreement but is interpretably 2nd person. @cite{rezac-2011} observes PCC effects with USTED: the accusative clitic la is grammatical in a 3>3 configuration if its referent is 3rd person, but ungrammatical as polite USTED (§6.1, (43)).

USTED's forms are identical to the 3sg feminine series in some cases (like LEI), though it also has the dedicated citation form usted. Unlike Italian LEI, USTED can also be used in laísta varieties where 3rd person clitics for animates are le (syncretic with dative).

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.yo : Typology.PronounEntry

yo — 1sg.

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.yo = { form := "yo", person := some UD.Person.first, number := some Number.sg }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.tu : Typology.PronounEntry

tú — 2sg familiar (T form).

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.tu = { form := "tú", person := some UD.Person.second, number := some Number.sg }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.usted : Typology.PronounEntry

usted — polite 2sg (V form, triggers 3sg agreement). Agreement person is 3rd, interpretable person is 2nd. Triggers PCC effects: la as USTED.ACC is banned in 3>USTED configurations (@cite{rezac-2011}, @cite{adamson-zompi-2025} §6.1). @cite{adamson-zompi-2025}

Equations

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def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.el : Typology.PronounEntry

él — 3sg masculine.

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.el = { form := "él", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.sg }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.ella : Typology.PronounEntry

ella — 3sg feminine.

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.ella = { form := "ella", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.sg }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.nosotros : Typology.PronounEntry

nosotros — 1pl.

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.nosotros = { form := "nosotros", person := some UD.Person.first, number := some Number.pl }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.vosotros : Typology.PronounEntry

vosotros — 2pl familiar (Peninsular).

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.vosotros = { form := "vosotros", person := some UD.Person.second, number := some Number.pl }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.ustedes : Typology.PronounEntry

ustedes — 2pl formal / general (triggers 3pl agreement).

Equations

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def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.ellos : Typology.PronounEntry

ellos — 3pl masculine.

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.ellos = { form := "ellos", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.pl }

def Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.allPronouns : List Typology.PronounEntry

Equations

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theorem Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.tv_distinction : tu.register = Features.Register.Level.informal ∧ usted.register = Features.Register.Level.formal

T/V distinction: tú is informal, usted is formal.

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.usted_dual_person : usted.person = some UD.Person.third ∧ usted.referentialPerson = some Features.Prominence.PersonLevel.second

USTED has 3rd person agreement features but 2nd person interpretable features. @cite{adamson-zompi-2025}

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.ustedes_dual_person : ustedes.person = some UD.Person.third ∧ ustedes.referentialPerson = some Features.Prominence.PersonLevel.second

ustedes (2pl formal) also has dual person features.

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Pronouns.has_all_persons : (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.first) = true ∧ (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.second) = true ∧ (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.third) = true

All three persons are attested.

def Fragments.Spanish.pronounProfile : Typology.PronounProfile

Spanish (Indo-European, Romance) WALS pronoun typology profile. No incl/excl; gender in 3rd AND 1st/2nd person (nosotros/nosotras etc.); binary politeness (tú/usted); special indefinite forms (alguien, algo); intensifier (mismo) differentiated from reflexive (se); no person marking on adpositions.

Equations

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def Fragments.Spanish.pronounShapeProfile : Typology.PronounShapeProfile

Spanish pronoun phonological shape (WALS Chs 136–137): paradigmatic M-T (me/te); 1SG has /m/; no N-M; no /m/ in 2SG.

Equations

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