Italian phonemes

This file lists the phonemes of Standard Italian, gives each its segment, and sorts the beginnings of words by how they select among the variant forms of an article before them. The inventory is Rogers and d'Arcangeli's: seven vowels and twenty-three consonants, among them the glides /j w/ and the five consonants /ɲ ʃ ʎ ts dz/ that are always long between vowels, also across a word boundary, which Krämer calls inherently long. Each phoneme names its glyph in the PHOIBLE chart, and its segment is the segment of that chart entry.

A masculine article takes one form before a vowel, another before an inherently long consonant or s followed by a consonant, and a third before any other consonant or a cluster of rising sonority, as Krämer sorts them. Maiden and Robustelli add to the second group the palatal glide and clusters rare at the beginning of a word, such as ps, pt and ft, which Onset.of takes to be the clusters whose sonority does not rise.

Main definitions

• Italian.Phonology.a, Italian.Phonology.p and the like: the phonemes.
• Italian.Phonology.inventory, Italian.Phonology.inherentlyLong.
• Italian.Phonology.Onset, Italian.Phonology.Onset.of: the beginnings of words.

Main results

• Italian.Phonology.subset_ita: the phonemes are segments of PHOIBLE's Italian inventory.
• Italian.Phonology.isConsonant_iff, Italian.Phonology.ofSegment_eq_liquid_iff and the like: the phonemes fall in the classes Onset.of reads.

Implementation notes

PHOIBLE writes /a/ with the chart glyph ɐ. Before a glide the article varies from word to word and in part follows the spelling (Krämer). Onset.of takes [j] as Maiden and Robustelli do, as in lo iodio and la iena, and [w] as a vowel, as in l'uomo, so that loans such as il weekend are exceptions.

References

• [Rd04]
• [Kra09a]
• [MR07a]
• [MMcC19]

Phonemes

def Italian.Phonology.i : Phonology.Segment

The high front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Italian.Phonology.e : Phonology.Segment

The close-mid front vowel /e/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.e = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.e

def Italian.Phonology.«ɛ» : Phonology.Segment

The open-mid front vowel /ɛ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«ɛ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɛ»

def Italian.Phonology.a : Phonology.Segment

The low central vowel /a/, the glyph ɐ of PHOIBLE's inventory.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɐ»

def Italian.Phonology.«ɔ» : Phonology.Segment

The open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«ɔ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɔ»

def Italian.Phonology.o : Phonology.Segment

The close-mid back rounded vowel /o/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Italian.Phonology.u : Phonology.Segment

The high back rounded vowel /u/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Italian.Phonology.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Italian.Phonology.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Italian.Phonology.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless dental stop /t/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Italian.Phonology.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced dental stop /d/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Italian.Phonology.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Italian.Phonology.g : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /g/, the IPA glyph ɡ in the chart.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.g = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Italian.Phonology.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Italian.Phonology.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Italian.Phonology.«ɲ» : Phonology.Segment

The palatal nasal /ɲ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«ɲ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɲ»

def Italian.Phonology.r : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar trill /r/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.r = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.r

def Italian.Phonology.ts : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless dental affricate /ts/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.ts = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ts

def Italian.Phonology.dz : Phonology.Segment

The voiced dental affricate /dz/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.dz = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.dz

def Italian.Phonology.«tʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar affricate /tʃ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«tʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̠ʃ»

def Italian.Phonology.«dʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar affricate /dʒ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«dʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̠ʒ»

def Italian.Phonology.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def Italian.Phonology.v : Phonology.Segment

The voiced labiodental fricative /v/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.v = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.v

def Italian.Phonology.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Italian.Phonology.z : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.z = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.z

def Italian.Phonology.«ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʃ»

def Italian.Phonology.j : Phonology.Segment

The palatal glide /j/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Italian.Phonology.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Italian.Phonology.l : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar lateral /l/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Italian.Phonology.«ʎ» : Phonology.Segment

The palatal lateral /ʎ/.

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.«ʎ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʎ»

def Italian.Phonology.inventory : Finset Phonology.Segment

The phonemes of Standard Italian ([Rd04] p. 117), pairwise distinct.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Italian.Phonology.subset_ita : inventory ⊆ Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Italian.ita.segments

theorem Italian.Phonology.isVowel_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (x.IsVowel ↔ x ∈ {i, e, «ɛ», Phonology.a, «ɔ», o, u})

theorem Italian.Phonology.isConsonant_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (x.IsConsonant ↔ ¬x.IsVowel ∧ x ≠ j ∧ x ≠ w)

theorem Italian.Phonology.ofSegment_eq_nasal_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (Phonology.Sonority.ofSegment x = Phonology.Sonority.nasal ↔ x = m ∨ x = n ∨ x = «ɲ»)

theorem Italian.Phonology.ofSegment_eq_liquid_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (Phonology.Sonority.ofSegment x = Phonology.Sonority.liquid ↔ x = r ∨ x = l ∨ x = «ʎ»)

theorem Italian.Phonology.ofSegment_eq_glide_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (Phonology.Sonority.ofSegment x = Phonology.Sonority.glide ↔ x = j ∨ x = w)

def Italian.Phonology.inherentlyLong : Finset Phonology.Segment

The inherently long consonants, which are long between vowels, also at the beginning of a word after one ([Kra09a] p. 49, [MR07a] §2.5, p. 10).

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.inherentlyLong = {Italian.Phonology.«ɲ», Italian.Phonology.«ʃ», Italian.Phonology.«ʎ», Italian.Phonology.ts, Italian.Phonology.dz}

The beginnings of words

inductive Italian.Phonology.Onset : Type

The beginning of a word, as it selects among the variant forms of an article before it ([Kra09a] p. 86, [MR07a] §4.1, pp. 61–63).

• vowel : Onset

  A vowel or the labial glide [w], as in l'orso and l'uomo.

• glide : Onset

  The palatal glide [j], as in lo iodio.

• sConsonant : Onset

  s, pronounced [s] or [z], followed by a consonant, as in lo spazio.

• inherentlyLong : Onset

  An inherently long consonant, as in lo zio.

• rareCluster : Onset

  Two consonants whose sonority does not rise, as in lo psicologo.

• consonant : Onset

  Any other consonant or a cluster of rising sonority, as in il gatto and il treno.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Italian.Phonology.instDecidableEqOnset : DecidableEq Onset

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.instDecidableEqOnset x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Italian.Phonology.instFintypeOnset : Fintype Onset

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Italian.Phonology.instReprOnset.repr : Onset → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Italian.Phonology.instReprOnset : Repr Onset

Equations

• Italian.Phonology.instReprOnset = { reprPrec := Italian.Phonology.instReprOnset.repr }

def Italian.Phonology.Onset.of : List Phonology.Segment → Onset

The beginning of a word, read from its first two segments; a word of fewer than two segments counts as consonant.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Italian.Phonology.Onset.of x✝ = Italian.Phonology.Onset.consonant

theorem Italian.Phonology.Onset.of_cons_cons (x y : Phonology.Segment) (rest : List Phonology.Segment) : of (x :: y :: rest) = of [x, y]