Imbabura Quechua negation #

Imbabura Quechua negates a clause with the particle mana before the verb together with the enclitic -chu on a constituent of the clause, and both are obligatory: ñuka wawki mana jatun wasi-ta chari-n-chu 'my brother does not have a big house'. The enclitic is not itself negative. It also marks polar questions, kan-paj wawki jatun wasi-ta chari-n-chu 'does your brother have a big house?', and does not occur in affirmative declaratives, juzi iskay kaballu-ta chari-n 'José has two horses', so a negative without mana is a question. The examples are Cole's, rows of Data.Examples.Cole1982.