Norwegian Verb-Particle Constructions

@cite{dendikken-1995}

Lexical entries for Norwegian (Bokmål) verb-particle constructions, recording the active word-order alternation and the passive prefix incorporation that distinguishes Norwegian from English. In active clauses the particle alternates freely between inner (V-Prt-NP) and outer (V-NP-Prt) positions. In passives, unlike English, the particle may surface to the immediate left of the participle as a prefix-like incorporation: Hunden vart utsparka 'the dog was kicked out'. This contrast was the central piece of evidence in @cite{dendikken-1995} §2.3.3.5 ("The Norwegian parallel") for treating particle incorporation as a cross-linguistically available operation.

Main definitions

• NorwegianVPCEntry — a single entry with citation, surface forms, and the passive-incorporation flag.
• inventory — five canonical entries.

Main results

• inventory_citation_eq — every entry's citation form is verb ++ " " ++ particle (Norwegian convention: VPCs written with space).
• inventory_passive_incorporation — every inventory entry permits passive prefix incorporation (the productive Norwegian pattern that contrasts with English).

structure Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.NorwegianVPCEntry : Type

A Norwegian VPC entry. Records (i) the conventional space-separated citation form, (ii) the bare verb infinitive and particle, (iii) both active and (when available) passive surface participle forms, and (iv) the passive-incorporation availability flag.

• citationForm : String

  Citation form, conventionally written with a space: sparke ut, sette ned.

• verb : String

  Bare verb infinitive (without particle).

• particle : String

  The particle.

• pastParticipleActive : String

  Active-clause past participle (verb-medial, particle stays): sparket ut, satt ned.

• passiveIncorporation : Bool

  Whether the particle may prefix the participle in passives — the productive Norwegian pattern (per @cite{dendikken-1995} §2.3.3.5, citing Åfarli 1985). For all entries here, true.

• passiveIncorporated : Option String

  Passive incorporated form (particle prefixed to participle): utsparket, nedsatt. none if passiveIncorporation = false.

• gloss : String

  English gloss.

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.AllowsPassiveIncorporation (e : NorwegianVPCEntry) : Prop

An entry permits passive prefix incorporation.

Equations

• Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.AllowsPassiveIncorporation e = (e.passiveIncorporation = true)

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.instDecidablePredNorwegianVPCEntryAllowsPassiveIncorporation : DecidablePred AllowsPassiveIncorporation

Equations

• Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.instDecidablePredNorwegianVPCEntryAllowsPassiveIncorporation e = decEq e.passiveIncorporation true

Inventory

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.sparke_ut : NorwegianVPCEntry

sparke ut 'kick out'. Passive incorporation: utsparket (per @cite{dendikken-1995} §2.4.3 ex. 134, citing Åfarli 1985).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.sette_ned : NorwegianVPCEntry

sette ned 'set down'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.klippe_av : NorwegianVPCEntry

klippe av 'cut off'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.kjøre_bort : NorwegianVPCEntry

kjøre bort 'drive away'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.sende_ut : NorwegianVPCEntry

sende ut 'send out'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.inventory : List NorwegianVPCEntry

The canonical inventory.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Properties

def Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.IsCitationConcat (e : NorwegianVPCEntry) : Prop

An entry's citation form follows the Norwegian convention verb ++ " " ++ particle.

Equations

• Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.IsCitationConcat e = (e.citationForm = e.verb ++ " " ++ e.particle)

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.instDecidablePredNorwegianVPCEntryIsCitationConcat : DecidablePred IsCitationConcat

Equations

• Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.instDecidablePredNorwegianVPCEntryIsCitationConcat e = decEq e.citationForm (e.verb ++ " " ++ e.particle)

theorem Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.inventory_citation_concat (e : NorwegianVPCEntry) (he : e ∈ inventory) : IsCitationConcat e

Every inventory entry's citation form is verb ++ " " ++ particle.

theorem Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.inventory_passive_incorporation (e : NorwegianVPCEntry) (he : e ∈ inventory) : AllowsPassiveIncorporation e

Every inventory entry permits passive prefix incorporation — the productive Norwegian pattern that contrasts with English.

theorem Fragments.Norwegian.VerbParticles.inventory_passive_incorporated_some (e : NorwegianVPCEntry) (he : e ∈ inventory) : e.passiveIncorporated.isSome = true

Every inventory entry has a recorded passive-incorporated form (consistent with passiveIncorporation = true).