Nez Perce clausal embedding

Nez Perce (Sahaptian, ISO 639-3 nez) embeds a finite clause under an attitude predicate in two shapes. Under the emotive predicates lilooy 'be happy', ’etqew 'be sad', cicwaay 'be surprised', ’eey’s 'be joyful', q’eese’ 'be bothered' and tim’neeneki 'be worried', and under timiipni 'remember', the clause opens with the relative pronoun yox̂ and the complementizer ke, the edge of a relative clause, and these predicates take no noun-phrase object. Under neki 'think', hi 'say, tell' and cuukwe 'know' the clause has the shape of a matrix clause, and hi takes an accusative addressee. Consultants endorse the complement of the first class and of cuukwe under negation, in questions and in conditional antecedents, and not the complement of neki. The relative pronoun inflects for case and number.

Forms follow Deal's orthography. The data are Deal's: the judgments on each shape are the rows of Data/Examples/Deal2026.json, and the relative-embedding analysis is Studies/Deal2026.lean.

References

• [Dea26]
• [Dea16]
• [Noo07]

Clause-typers

def NezPerce.ke : Complementizer

The complementizer ke, which heads relative clauses and the relative embeddings.

Equations

• NezPerce.ke = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "ke"], coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative }

Predicates

structure NezPerce.Verbextends Verb : Type

A Nez Perce complement-taking predicate is a verb entry with its [Noo07] class.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• predicateClass : Complement.PredicateClass

def NezPerce.liloy : Verb

lilooy 'be happy' ((27a), (28a), (33)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.etqew : Verb

’etqew 'be sad' (27b).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.cicwaay : Verb

cicwaay 'be surprised' ((27c), (28b)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.eeys : Verb

’eey’s 'be joyful', which takes no noun-phrase object ((27e), (41)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.qeese : Verb

q’eese’ 'be bothered, unhappy' (27e).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.timneneki : Verb

tim’neeneki 'be worried', whose complement projects under negation ((27e), (34)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.timiipni : Verb

timiipni 'remember', a cognitive factive with the relative edge (27d).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.neki : Verb

neki 'think', whose complement does not project ((35), (36), (48)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.hi : Verb

hi 'say, tell', with an accusative addressee before the clause ((47), (65b)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.cuukwe : Verb

cuukwe 'know', whose complement projects from a conditional antecedent ((66), (68)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.verbs : List Verb

The predicates with per-predicate data in the paper.

Equations

• NezPerce.verbs = [NezPerce.liloy, NezPerce.etqew, NezPerce.cicwaay, NezPerce.eeys, NezPerce.qeese, NezPerce.timneneki, NezPerce.timiipni, NezPerce.neki, NezPerce.hi, NezPerce.cuukwe]

Relative-pronoun paradigm

The yox̂/ko paradigm from [Dea16], reproduced at [Dea26] (22). Cells are indexed by NezPerce.Case × Core.UD.Number.

structure NezPerce.RelativePronoun : Type

A relative-pronoun cell from [Dea26] (22).

• case : Case
• number : UD.Number
• forms : List String

@[instance_reducible]

instance NezPerce.instReprRelativePronoun : Repr RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.instReprRelativePronoun = { reprPrec := NezPerce.instReprRelativePronoun.repr }

def NezPerce.instReprRelativePronoun.repr : RelativePronoun → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def NezPerce.rp_nom_sg : RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.rp_nom_sg = { case := NezPerce.Case.nom, number := UD.Number.Sing, forms := ["yox̂"] }

def NezPerce.rp_nom_pl : RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.rp_nom_pl = { case := NezPerce.Case.nom, number := UD.Number.Plur, forms := ["yox̂me"] }

def NezPerce.rp_erg_sg : RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.rp_erg_sg = { case := NezPerce.Case.erg, number := UD.Number.Sing, forms := ["konim"] }

def NezPerce.rp_erg_pl : RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.rp_erg_pl = { case := NezPerce.Case.erg, number := UD.Number.Plur, forms := ["konmam"] }

def NezPerce.rp_acc_sg : RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.rp_acc_sg = { case := NezPerce.Case.acc, number := UD.Number.Sing, forms := ["konya"] }

def NezPerce.rp_acc_pl : RelativePronoun

Equations

• NezPerce.rp_acc_pl = { case := NezPerce.Case.acc, number := UD.Number.Plur, forms := ["konmana", "yox̂mene"] }

def NezPerce.relativePronounParadigm : List RelativePronoun

The full paradigm has three cases × two numbers, six cells.

Equations

• NezPerce.relativePronounParadigm = [NezPerce.rp_nom_sg, NezPerce.rp_nom_pl, NezPerce.rp_erg_sg, NezPerce.rp_erg_pl, NezPerce.rp_acc_sg, NezPerce.rp_acc_pl]