Ndebele Clausal Embedding Inventory

[Pie19]

Northern Ndebele (Bantu S44, Zimbabwe; ISO 639-3 nde) inventory of complement-taking predicates. The clause-typer is ukuthi — augment u- (the exponent of D) over the class-15 complementizer root kuthi, etymologically a nominalization of thi 'say' ((8)) — and it wraps indicative and subjunctive complements alike in every syntactic context [Pie19] tests (verb complement, clausal subject, preposition object, demoted passive subject, adnominal). The augment drops exactly where nominal augments drop (negation + in situ, (11)–(12)); the D layer itself is obligatory. Since the paper establishes no predicate-conditioned variation in the clause-typer, the observables here are the complement's mood coding (lexically conditioned, their fn. 3) and the clausal argument's syntactic role. No factivity data: the paper runs no projection tests, and the the fact that paraphrases in its translations are an English artifact it flags itself (at (20)).

Language-level constants

def Ndebele.Clause.clauseTyperForm : String

The clause-typer: augment + class-15 complementizer root.

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.clauseTyperForm = "ukuthi"

def Ndebele.Clause.clauseTyperClass : ℕ

Noun class of the clause-typer (Bantu class number): class 15, per the augment's agreement ((10)), the object marker ku- ((7b)), and clausal-subject agreement ((22)). Halpert's Zulu counterpart is glossed class 17.

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.clauseTyperClass = 15

Predicate schema

inductive Ndebele.Clause.ClausalRole : Type

Syntactic role of the predicate's attested clausal argument.

• complement : ClausalRole

  Complement/object of the verb.

• prepositionObject : ClausalRole

  Object of an independent preposition (nga 'about', (20b)).

• obliquePassiveSubject : ClausalRole

  Demoted passive subject with oblique yi- ((14)).

• subject : ClausalRole

  Clausal subject ((22)).

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ndebele.Clause.instDecidableEqClausalRole : DecidableEq ClausalRole

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.instDecidableEqClausalRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ndebele.Clause.instReprClausalRole : Repr ClausalRole

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.instReprClausalRole = { reprPrec := Ndebele.Clause.instReprClausalRole.repr }

def Ndebele.Clause.instReprClausalRole.repr : ClausalRole → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Ndebele.Clause.NdebeleEmbedder : Type

An Ndebele complement-taking predicate.

• ctpClass: [Noo07] category; none where the attested frame gives no clear assignment.
• coding: mood of the ukuthi-complement — indicative vs subjunctive, lexically conditioned ([Pie19] fn. 3: indicative clauses allow only ukuthi; ukuze, sengathi are lexically selected and subjunctive-only).
• clausalRole: where the clause sits.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• ctpClass : Option CTPClass
• coding : Option Complement.Coding
• clausalRole : ClausalRole

def Ndebele.Clause.instDecidableEqNdebeleEmbedder.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : NdebeleEmbedder) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ndebele.Clause.instDecidableEqNdebeleEmbedder : DecidableEq NdebeleEmbedder

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.instDecidableEqNdebeleEmbedder = Ndebele.Clause.instDecidableEqNdebeleEmbedder.decEq

def Ndebele.Clause.instReprNdebeleEmbedder.repr : NdebeleEmbedder → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ndebele.Clause.instReprNdebeleEmbedder : Repr NdebeleEmbedder

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.instReprNdebeleEmbedder = { reprPrec := Ndebele.Clause.instReprNdebeleEmbedder.repr }

Predicates

def Ndebele.Clause.cabanga : NdebeleEmbedder

cabanga 'think'. Indicative ukuthi-complement; the augment-drop paradigm predicate ((4), (12a–c)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ndebele.Clause.funa : NdebeleEmbedder

funa 'want'. Subjunctive ukuthi-complement ((7b)); also plain class-15 nominal objects ((7a)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ndebele.Clause.zwa : NdebeleEmbedder

zwa 'hear'. Both attested examples are hearsay reports ((18), (26a)), not immediate perception.

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.zwa = { form := "zwa", gloss := "hear", ctpClass := some CTPClass.perception, coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, clausalRole := Ndebele.Clause.ClausalRole.complement }

def Ndebele.Clause.khulumaNga : NdebeleEmbedder

khuluma nga 'talk about': the clause is the object of the preposition nga, with no extra nominal structure — nga [DP u-kuthi …], coalescing to ngokuthi ((20b)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ndebele.Clause.danisa : NdebeleEmbedder

danisa 'worry (caus.)', attested only passivized: the clause is a demoted subject with the augment-replacing oblique yi- (yikuthi, (14)).

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.danisa = { form := "danisa", gloss := "worry", ctpClass := none, coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, clausalRole := Ndebele.Clause.ClausalRole.obliquePassiveSubject }

def Ndebele.Clause.bala : NdebeleEmbedder

bala 'write', passive impersonal: the ukuthi-clause is a subject controlling class-15 agreement ((22)).

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.bala = { form := "bala", gloss := "write", ctpClass := none, coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, clausalRole := Ndebele.Clause.ClausalRole.subject }

Inventories

def Ndebele.Clause.allEmbedders : List NdebeleEmbedder

The predicates with quotable clausal-argument data in [Pie19].

Equations

• Ndebele.Clause.allEmbedders = [Ndebele.Clause.cabanga, Ndebele.Clause.funa, Ndebele.Clause.zwa, Ndebele.Clause.khulumaNga, Ndebele.Clause.danisa, Ndebele.Clause.bala]

theorem Ndebele.Clause.subjunctive_takers : List.filter (fun (x : NdebeleEmbedder) => x.coding == some Complement.Coding.subjunctive) allEmbedders = [funa]

Drift sentry: funa is the only subjunctive-taker in the sample ([Pie19] fn. 3's lexical conditioning).

theorem Ndebele.Clause.complement_takers : List.filter (fun (x : NdebeleEmbedder) => x.clausalRole == ClausalRole.complement) allEmbedders = [cabanga, funa, zwa]

Drift sentry: the verb-complement frame is attested for exactly cabanga, funa, zwa.