San Martín Peras Mixtec complement-taking verbs

San Martín Peras Mixtec has no non-finite verb forms: every clause is completive, continuous or irrealis, marked mostly by the tone of the first vowel, and every clause has an overt subject. Complement-taking verbs take one of two kinds of clause. A finite complement is free in aspect and in its subject. The other kind is always irrealis. Under verbs of wanting, hoping and fearing, its subject may differ from the matrix subject, which ná can mark, and it may have a time adverb of its own. Under verbs of trying, beginning, remembering and needing, its subject is a clitic pronoun that refers to the matrix subject, and its time is the matrix time.

Implementation notes

A finite complement is ArgumentFrame.finiteClause. An irrealis complement is subjunctiveFrame, in [Noo07]'s subjunctive coding with an overt subject. A verb whose irrealis complement has a coreferent subject carries controlReading, subject control; the other irrealis-taking verbs carry no reading. The forms are the citation forms of the source's predicate lists, with its tone marks, and each entry is named by its English gloss.

References

• [Ost26]
• [Noo07]

def Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame : ArgumentFrame

The irrealis complement is a declarative clause in the subjunctive coding with an overt subject.

Equations

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def Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading : Verb.Reading

The reading of an irrealis complement whose subject refers to the matrix subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading = { frame := Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, control := some ControlType.subjectControl }

Verbs taking a finite complement ((27a))

def Mixtec.SMPM.think : Verb

ka'án 'think' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.think = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ka'án"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.believe : Verb

nakanini 'believe' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.believe = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "nakanini"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.wonder : Verb

kuntàà ini 'wonder' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.wonder = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kuntàà", Morphology.Morph.root "ini"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.know : Verb

kònì 'know' takes a finite complement, and as 'know how to', optionally with xá kasa, an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject ((27c)).

Equations

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def Mixtec.SMPM.say : Verb

kà'àn 'say' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.say = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kà'àn"], speechActVerb := true }

def Mixtec.SMPM.chat : Verb

ntatǔ'un 'chat' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.chat = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ntatǔ'un"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.said : Verb

káchi 'said' takes a finite complement; it is defective, with only a completive form (fn. 5).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.said = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "káchi"], speechActVerb := true }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy : Verb

kusijǐ ini 'be happy' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kusijǐ", Morphology.Morph.root "ini"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beSad : Verb

ntsi'i ini 'be sad' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beSad = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ntsi'i", Morphology.Morph.root "ini"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.regret : Verb

ntsiko ini 'regret' takes a finite complement.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.regret = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ntsiko", Morphology.Morph.root "ini"] }

Verbs taking an irrealis complement with a free subject ((27b))

def Mixtec.SMPM.want : Verb

kòni 'want' takes an irrealis complement with a free subject. It is the one such verb out of whose complement a quantifier can front (fn. 8).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.want = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kòni"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.hate : Verb

síso ini 'hate' (lit. 'boil inside') takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.hate = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "síso", Morphology.Morph.root "ini"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.fear : Verb

iyǐ'bi 'fear, be afraid' takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.fear = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "iyǐ'bi"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beScared : Verb

kuntasí 'be scared' takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beScared = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kuntasí"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.pray : Verb

nakwatu 'pray' takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.pray = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "nakwatu"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.hope : Verb

ntatu 'hope' takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.hope = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ntatu"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.agree : Verb

xiinka 'agree' takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.agree = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "xiinka"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.refuse : Verb

xǐinka 'refuse' (lit. 'not agree') takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.refuse = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "xǐinka"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.getIdea : Verb

chikàà ini 'get the idea to' (lit. 'put inside') takes an irrealis complement with a free subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.getIdea = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "chikàà", Morphology.Morph.root "ini"] }

Verbs taking an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject ((27c))

def Mixtec.SMPM.try_ : Verb

ntukú 'try' (lit. 'look for') takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.try_ = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ntukú"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.remember : Verb

nakú'ún ini 'remember' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

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def Mixtec.SMPM.forget : Verb

nantǒso 'forget' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.forget = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "nantǒso"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.likeTo : Verb

kutô 'like to' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.likeTo = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kutô"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.start : Verb

kixǎ 'start, begin' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.start = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kixǎ"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.finish : Verb

ntsi'i 'finish' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.finish = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "ntsi'i"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.stop : Verb

xikwîn 'stop' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.stop = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "xikwîn"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.continue_ : Verb

kò xikwîn 'continue' (lit. 'not stop') takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

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def Mixtec.SMPM.need : Verb

xiniñu'u 'need' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.need = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "xiniñu'u"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.learn : Verb

sakwǎ'a 'learn how to' takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.learn = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame Mixtec.SMPM.subjunctiveFrame, readings := [Mixtec.SMPM.controlReading], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "sakwǎ'a"] }

def Mixtec.SMPM.notBother : Verb

kò ntaa 'not bother' (lit. 'not climb') takes an irrealis complement with a coreferent subject.

Equations

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def Mixtec.SMPM.verbs : List Verb

The complement-taking verbs of the source's lists.

Equations

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