San Martín Peras Mixtec pronouns

San Martín Peras Mixtec (Mixtecan, Oto-Manguean; ISO 639-3 jmx) has a clitic and a non-clitic series of personal pronouns, neither inflected for case. The local persons distinguish singular and plural, and inclusive and exclusive in the first person plural; every local cell except the inclusive has a form in both series. The nonlocal persons have clitics only, one for each of six genders: neutral, feminine, masculine, liquid, wooden and animal. Only the neutral and the feminine have separate plural clitics, so =rà means 'he' or 'they (all male)'. A clitic cannot be coordinated, stand alone or bear focus. Where the non-clitic series has no form, a clitic is strengthened by a demonstrative, as in yé yo'o 'we (incl.) here', or by the definite article mí, which with a clitic also forms the reflexive, as in mí =rà 'himself'.

Implementation notes

The genders are the carrier Gender.Value, visible only on the nonlocal clitics. Gender.Value.toLabel gives the comparative label of the feminine and the masculine; the other four genders have none. A clitic with no plural counterpart has number := some .general, so it realizes both the singular and the plural third person. The strengthened forms are phrases and are not entries; neither is the prevocalic allomorph =(y)à of the neutral clitic.

References

• [Ost26]
• [CS99a]
• [Cor91]

Gender

inductive Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value : Type

The six genders of the nonlocal pronouns.

• neutral : Value
• feminine : Value
• masculine : Value
• liquid : Value
• wooden : Value
• animal : Value

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instDecidableEqValue : DecidableEq Value

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instDecidableEqValue x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instReprValue.repr : Value → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instReprValue : Repr Value

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instReprValue = { reprPrec := Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instReprValue.repr }

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.instFintypeValue : Fintype Value

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.clitic : Value → String

The clitic of each gender, singular where the gender has a plural clitic ((5)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.neutral.clitic = "=ñà"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.feminine.clitic = "=ñá"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.masculine.clitic = "=rà"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.liquid.clitic = "=rá"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.wooden.clitic = "=tún"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.animal.clitic = "=rí"

def Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.pluralClitic : Value → Option String

The plural clitic of the neutral and the feminine, the only genders that distinguish number ((5)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.neutral.pluralClitic = some "=nà"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.feminine.pluralClitic = some "=ná"
• x✝.pluralClitic = none

def Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.toLabel : Value → Option Gender

The comparative label of a gender, which only the feminine and the masculine have.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.feminine.toLabel = some Gender.feminine
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.Value.masculine.toLabel = some Gender.masculine
• x✝.toLabel = none

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.clitic_injective : Function.Injective Value.clitic

The clitics alone distinguish the six genders.

Clitics

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl1sg : PersonalPronoun

=ì is the first person singular clitic ((4), (61)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl1sg = { form := "=ì", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plIncl : PersonalPronoun

=(y)é is the first person plural inclusive clitic ((4), (61)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plIncl = { form := "=(y)é", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plExcl : PersonalPronoun

=ndú is the first person plural exclusive clitic ((4), (61)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plExcl = { form := "=ndú", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl2sg : PersonalPronoun

=ú is the second person singular clitic ((4), (61)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl2sg = { form := "=ú", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl2pl : PersonalPronoun

=ndó is the second person plural clitic ((4), (61)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl2pl = { form := "=ndó", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl3 (g : Gender.Value) : PersonalPronoun

The nonlocal clitic of a gender is singular where the gender has a plural clitic, and number-neutral otherwise ((5)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl3pl (g : Gender.Value) : Option PersonalPronoun

The nonlocal plural clitic of a gender, where it has one ((5)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Mixtec.SMPM.clitics : Finset PersonalPronoun

The clitic series.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Non-clitics

def Mixtec.SMPM.str1sg : PersonalPronoun

yù'u is the first person singular non-clitic ((4), (62)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str1sg = { form := "yù'u", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.str1plExcl : PersonalPronoun

ndú'ú is the first person plural exclusive non-clitic ((4), (62)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str1plExcl = { form := "ndú'ú", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.str2sg : PersonalPronoun

yô'o is the second person singular non-clitic ((4), (62)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str2sg = { form := "yô'o", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.str2pl : PersonalPronoun

ndó'ó is the second person plural non-clitic ((4), (62)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str2pl = { form := "ndó'ó", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.nonclitics : Finset PersonalPronoun

The non-clitic series, which bears focus where a clitic cannot ((65), (66)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.nonclitics = {Mixtec.SMPM.str1sg, Mixtec.SMPM.str1plExcl, Mixtec.SMPM.str2sg, Mixtec.SMPM.str2pl}

The paradigm

def Mixtec.SMPM.pronouns : Finset PersonalPronoun

The personal pronouns.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.pronouns = Mixtec.SMPM.clitics ∪ Mixtec.SMPM.nonclitics

def Mixtec.SMPM.paradigm : Person.Category → Finset String

The forms of each referential category.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.paradigm = PersonalPronoun.paradigm Mixtec.SMPM.pronouns

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.nonclitic_categories : (nonclitics.biUnion fun (x : PersonalPronoun) => x.referential) = (clitics.biUnion fun (x : PersonalPronoun) => x.referential) \ {Person.Category.speakerAddresseeOthers, Person.Category.other, Person.Category.others}

The non-clitic series covers every category the clitics do except the inclusive and the nonlocal persons ((62)).

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.clitic_mem_paradigm_others_iff (g : Gender.Value) : g.clitic ∈ paradigm Person.Category.others ↔ g.pluralClitic = none

A gender's clitic also serves the plural exactly when the gender has no plural clitic.

def Mixtec.SMPM.reflexive (p : PersonalPronoun) : ReflexivePronoun

The reflexive of a clitic is the clitic after the definite article mí, as in mí =rà 'himself' ((71)). A possessor may take one without needing it: mí =rí 'its own' ((74)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.