San Martín Peras Mixtec (SMPM) Fragment

[Ost26]

Language data for San Martín Peras Mixtec (ISO: jmx), an Oto-Manguean language spoken by about 12,000 people in Oaxaca, Mexico. SMPM is predicate-initial (VSO) and non-pro-drop: all clauses require overt subjects and all transitive clauses require overt objects.

Coverage

• Morpho-aspectual system: completive, continuous, irrealis
• Pronoun paradigm ((4), (5), (61), (62)): PersonalPronoun entries in two series, clitic vs non-clitic, with per-entry C&S strength
• Embedded clause typology (three-way: finite, tensed subj., untensed subj.)
• Complement-taking predicate classification by clause type selected

inductive Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect : Type

SMPM's three morpho-aspectual categories.

All clauses must be marked with one of these. SMPM lacks morphologically nonfinite predicates — the completive/continuous/ irrealis distinction is the only TAM system. Aspect is primarily tonal: completive by low tone or prefix nì-, continuous by high tone, irrealis by mid/unmarked tone or stem changes.

• comp : Aspect

  Completive (COMP): low tone on first vowel, or prefix nì-

• cont : Aspect

  Continuous (CONT): high tone on first vowel

• irr : Aspect

  Irrealis (IRR): mid/unmarked tone or stem changes

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqAspect : DecidableEq Aspect

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqAspect x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect : Repr Aspect

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect = { reprPrec := Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr }

def Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr : Aspect → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect.comp prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect.comp")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect.cont prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect.cont")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect.irr prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect.irr")).group prec✝

inductive Mixtec.SMPM.Gender : Type

Grammatical genders for nonlocal (3rd person) pronouns ((5)).

SMPM distinguishes six genders in the singular and two in the plural. There is no number distinction for most nonlocal pronouns: e.g., =rà 'he, they (all-male group)'.

• neutral : Gender
• fem : Gender
• masc : Gender
• liq : Gender
• wd : Gender
• aml : Gender

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqGender : DecidableEq Gender

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender : Repr Gender

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender = { reprPrec := Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr }

def Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr : Gender → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.neutral prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.neutral")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.fem prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.fem")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.masc prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.masc")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.liq prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.liq")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.wd prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.wd")).group prec✝
• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.aml prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.aml")).group prec✝

def Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.toGender : Gender → _root_.Gender

Map SMPM gender to the shared surface-level gender type. Only fem/masc map directly; the remaining four genders (neutral, liquid, wooden, animal) are language-specific noun class distinctions without cross-linguistic surface equivalents.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.fem.toGender = Gender.feminine
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.masc.toGender = Gender.masculine
• x✝.toGender = Gender.common

Clitic series ((4), (61))

SMPM distinguishes clitic and non-clitic pronouns ([CS99a], cited at [Ost26] (63)): clitics cannot be coordinated (63a), cannot occur on their own (63b), may have impersonal readings (63c), and cannot bear focus ((65), with íntàà 'only'; speaker comment at (66)). Each entry declares the C&S class on the shared Pronoun.strength field.

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl1sg : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl1sg = { form := "=ì", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plIncl : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plIncl = { form := "=(y)é", person := some Person.firstInclusive, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plExcl : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl1plExcl = { form := "=ndú", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl2sg : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl2sg = { form := "=ú", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl2pl : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl2pl = { form := "=ndó", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.cliticForm : Gender → String

Surface form of the nonlocal (3rd person) clitic for each gender ((5); the neutral has a prevocalic allomorph =(y)à).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.neutral.cliticForm = "=ñà"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.fem.cliticForm = "=ñá"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.masc.cliticForm = "=rà"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.liq.cliticForm = "=rá"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.wd.cliticForm = "=tún"
• Mixtec.SMPM.Gender.aml.cliticForm = "=rí"

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl3 (g : Gender) : PersonalPronoun

Nonlocal (3rd person) clitic by gender ((5)). number := none: most nonlocal pronouns make no number distinction (=rà 'he, they (all-male group)'); the API gender is derived via Gender.toGender.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl3 g = { form := g.cliticForm, person := some Person.third, gender := some g.toGender, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl3plNeutral : PersonalPronoun

=nà — nonlocal plural, neutral ((5)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl3plNeutral = { form := "=nà", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, gender := some Gender.common, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

def Mixtec.SMPM.cl3plFem : PersonalPronoun

=ná — nonlocal plural, feminine ((5)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cl3plFem = { form := "=ná", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, gender := some Gender.feminine, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.clitic }

Non-clitic series ((4), (62))

Focusable and coordinable ((64)–(66)) — the C&S .strong class. (62) has a gap: 1PL.INCL and the nonlocal persons lack dedicated non-clitic forms; 'strengthening' strategies fill the gap phrasally — clitic + demonstrative (yé yo'o 'we (INCL) here', =ra kan 'he there' in (65b)) or the definite article mí (mí =rà 'himself', also the reflexive, §7 below; cf. McCloskey & Hale 1984 on Irish). Being phrasal, they are not lexical entries here.

def Mixtec.SMPM.str1sg : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str1sg = { form := "yù'u", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.str1plExcl : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str1plExcl = { form := "ndú'ú", person := some Person.firstExclusive, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.str2sg : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str2sg = { form := "yô'o", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

def Mixtec.SMPM.str2pl : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.str2pl = { form := "ndó'ó", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, strength := some Pronoun.Strength.strong }

Series structure

def Mixtec.SMPM.cliticSeries : List PersonalPronoun

The clitic series ((4), (5), (61)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Mixtec.SMPM.strongSeries : List PersonalPronoun

The non-clitic series ((4), (62)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.strongSeries = [Mixtec.SMPM.str1sg, Mixtec.SMPM.str1plExcl, Mixtec.SMPM.str2sg, Mixtec.SMPM.str2pl]

def Mixtec.SMPM.localPairs : List (PersonalPronoun × Option PersonalPronoun)

The local-person clitic/non-clitic pairs ((61)–(62)); none marks the (62) gap (1PL.INCL, filled only by phrasal strengthening).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.series_homogeneous : (∀ p ∈ cliticSeries, p.strength = some Pronoun.Strength.clitic) ∧ ∀ p ∈ strongSeries, p.strength = some Pronoun.Strength.strong

Both series are strength-homogeneous — the per-series C&S facts, now per-entry data on the shared field.

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.pairs_share_phi (pr : PersonalPronoun × Option PersonalPronoun) : pr ∈ localPairs → ∀ s ∈ pr.2, pr.1.person = s.person ∧ pr.1.number = s.number

Paired variants share their φ-features — the two series differ in deficiency class, not in person/number/clusivity content.

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.pairs_deficiency_contrast (pr : PersonalPronoun × Option PersonalPronoun) : pr ∈ localPairs → ∀ s ∈ pr.2, ∀ a ∈ pr.1.strength, ∀ b ∈ s.strength, a < b

Within each pair, the clitic is strictly more deficient — derived from the shared deficiency order, not stipulated.

def Mixtec.SMPM.controlledSubjectStrength : Pronoun.Strength

The Cardinaletti–Starke class required of a controlled subject in an untensed subjunctive: the clitic (most deficient). Non-clitic forms — including strengthened mí =rà — are sharply ungrammatical there ((67)).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.controlledSubjectStrength = Pronoun.Strength.clitic

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.controlledSubject_is_most_deficient (p : PersonalPronoun) : p ∈ strongSeries → ∀ s ∈ p.strength, controlledSubjectStrength < s

SMPM's ban on non-clitic controlled subjects ((67)) realizes the Cardinaletti–Starke prediction: the required class sits strictly below every non-clitic entry's declared class in the deficiency order.

inductive Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType : Type

SMPM's three embedded clause types, distinguished by three binary features (table 26).

SMPM lacks morphologically nonfinite predicates: all clauses are marked with one of the three aspects. The "tensed" vs "untensed" subjunctive distinction is diagnosed by independent temporal adverbs and noncoreferential subject availability, not by overt tense morphology.

• finiteEmbedded : EmbeddedClauseType

  Finite embedded clause: unrestricted TAM, free subject reference, no restructuring. Selected by: ka'án 'think', nakanini 'believe', kà'àn 'say', káchi 'said', kusijǐ ini 'be happy', etc.

• tensedSubjunctive : EmbeddedClauseType

  Tensed subjunctive: restricted TAM (irrealis only), free subject reference, no restructuring. Allows ná for disjoint reference. Selected by: kòni 'want', sǐso ini 'hate', ntatu 'hope', etc.

• untensedSubjunctive : EmbeddedClauseType

  Untensed subjunctive: restricted TAM (irrealis only), obligatory coreference, mandatory restructuring. Subject must be overt clitic pronoun. Selected by: ntùkú 'try', nàkú'ún 'remember', kìxà 'start', sakwā'a 'learn', etc.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqEmbeddedClauseType : DecidableEq EmbeddedClauseType

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqEmbeddedClauseType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instReprEmbeddedClauseType : Repr EmbeddedClauseType

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprEmbeddedClauseType = { reprPrec := Mixtec.SMPM.instReprEmbeddedClauseType.repr }

def Mixtec.SMPM.instReprEmbeddedClauseType.repr : EmbeddedClauseType → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseProperties : Type

Properties distinguishing the three clause types (table 26).

• unrestrictedTAM : Bool

  Unrestricted TAM morphology (all three aspects available)

• noncoreferentialSubject : Bool

  Noncoreferential embedded subject allowed

• restructuring : Bool

  Shows restructuring effects (quantifier fronting targets matrix)

def Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : ClauseProperties) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties : DecidableEq ClauseProperties

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties = Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties.decEq

def Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties.repr : ClauseProperties → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties : Repr ClauseProperties

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties = { reprPrec := Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties.repr }

def Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties : EmbeddedClauseType → ClauseProperties

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded = { unrestrictedTAM := true, noncoreferentialSubject := true, restructuring := false }
• Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive = { unrestrictedTAM := false, noncoreferentialSubject := true, restructuring := false }
• Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive = { unrestrictedTAM := false, noncoreferentialSubject := false, restructuring := true }

structure Mixtec.SMPM.CTP : Type

A complement-taking predicate in SMPM.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• selects : EmbeddedClauseType

def Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP.repr : CTP → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP : Repr CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP = { reprPrec := Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP.repr }

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP : DecidableEq CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP = Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq

def Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : CTP) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Mixtec.SMPM.think : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.think = { form := "ka'án", gloss := "think", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.believe : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.believe = { form := "nakanini", gloss := "believe", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.wonder : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.wonder = { form := "kuntàà ini", gloss := "wonder", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.know : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.know = { form := "kòni", gloss := "know", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.say : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.say = { form := "kà'àn", gloss := "say", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.chat : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.chat = { form := "ntatǔ'un", gloss := "chat", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.said : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.said = { form := "káchi", gloss := "said", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy = { form := "kusijǐ ini", gloss := "be happy", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beSad : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beSad = { form := "ntsi'i ini", gloss := "be sad", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.regret : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.regret = { form := "ntsiko ini", gloss := "regret", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Mixtec.SMPM.want : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.want = { form := "kòni", gloss := "want", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.hate : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.hate = { form := "sǐso ini", gloss := "hate", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beAfraid : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beAfraid = { form := "iyì'bí", gloss := "be afraid", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.beScared : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.beScared = { form := "kuntasí", gloss := "be scared", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.pray : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.pray = { form := "nakwatu", gloss := "pray", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.hope : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.hope = { form := "ntatu", gloss := "hope", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.agree : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.agree = { form := "xiinka", gloss := "agree", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.refuse : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.refuse = { form := "xǐunka", gloss := "refuse", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.getIdea : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.getIdea = { form := "chikàà ini", gloss := "get the idea", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.try_ : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.try_ = { form := "ntùkú", gloss := "try", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.remember : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.remember = { form := "nàkú'ún", gloss := "remember", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.forget : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.forget = { form := "nantōso", gloss := "forget", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.likeTo : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.likeTo = { form := "kutō", gloss := "like to", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.start : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.start = { form := "kìxà", gloss := "start", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.finish : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.finish = { form := "ntsi'i", gloss := "finish", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.stop : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.stop = { form := "xikwīn", gloss := "stop", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.continue_ : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.continue_ = { form := "kò xikwīn", gloss := "continue", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.need : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.need = { form := "xiniñu'u", gloss := "need", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.knowHow : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.knowHow = { form := "kòni xá kasa", gloss := "know how to", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.learnHow : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.learnHow = { form := "sakwā'a", gloss := "learn how to", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Mixtec.SMPM.notBother : CTP

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.notBother = { form := "kò ntaa", gloss := "not bother", selects := Mixtec.SMPM.EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.think_finite : think.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.want_tensed : want.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.try_untensed : try_.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.hope_tensed : hope.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.tensedSubjunctive

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.remember_untensed : remember.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.notBother_untensed : notBother.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.untensedSubjunctive

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.chat_finite : chat.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded

theorem Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy_finite : beHappy.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.finiteEmbedded

def Mixtec.SMPM.allowsProDrop : Bool

SMPM is non-pro-drop: all clauses require overt subjects (3).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.allowsProDrop = false

def Mixtec.SMPM.predicateInitial : Bool

SMPM is predicate-initial: VSO for verbal, copula-initial for nominal/adjectival predicates (2a–c).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.predicateInitial = true

def Mixtec.SMPM.reflexiveFormation : String

SMPM reflexive anaphors are formed with the definite article mí plus a clitic pronoun (71). Only locally bound — without mí, only a noncoreferential interpretation is available (72).

Examples:

• Xini Juân mí =rà ini yùtátá. 'Juan saw himself in the mirror.'
• Saá kâ'àn María xa'ǎ mí =ñá. 'María always talks about herself.'

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.reflexiveFormation = "mí + clitic pronoun"

def Mixtec.SMPM.quantifiersBindReflexives : Bool

Quantified nominals can locally bind reflexive anaphors (73).

• Tá'iin'iin =nà bálí xìni mí =nà ini yùtátá. 'Every child saw themselves in the mirror.'

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.quantifiersBindReflexives = true

def Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorAllowsQuantifiedAntecedent : Bool

Exempt anaphors (reflexive forms used outside canonical binding domain) CANNOT have quantified antecedents (75, 78).

• *Tá'iin'iin tsǐnà tsìi ndò'ò mí =rí. 'Each dog bit its own tail.'
• *Ni'iin =ná bálí ní- xìni táta mí =ná. 'No girl saw her own father.'

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorAllowsQuantifiedAntecedent = false

def Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorsAsPossessors : Bool

Exempt anaphors occur as possessors (74) but are restricted: they cannot have quantified antecedents.

• Tsìi tsǐnà ndò'ò {=rí, mí =rí}. 'The dog bit {its, its own} tail.'
• Xìni María táta {=ñá, mí =ñá}. 'María saw {her, her own} father.'

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorsAsPossessors = true

def Mixtec.SMPM.naDisjointReferenceMarker : Bool

Ná is a morpheme used in tensed subjunctives to force disjoint reference when the embedded subject does not match the matrix subject in φ-features (18b–d). It is optional with nonpronominal subjects (18d). Ná does NOT occur with untensed subjunctives (19).

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.naDisjointReferenceMarker = true

def Mixtec.SMPM.cliticLeftDislocationIslandSensitive : Bool

Clitic left-dislocation in SMPM is NOT island-sensitive (80–82): it is available out of adjunct islands and wh-islands. This argues against a movement analysis of left-dislocation.

Equations

• Mixtec.SMPM.cliticLeftDislocationIslandSensitive = false