Yukatek Maya Roots as B&K-G Entailment Sets

@cite{lucy-1994} @cite{beavers-koontz-garboden-2020}

A representative cross-section of Yukatek roots, drawn from the lists in @cite{lucy-1994} ex. (1), (2), (4), and (7), and encoded as @cite{beavers-koontz-garboden-2020}-style entailment sets.

The selection covers all four salience profiles that @cite{lucy-1994} identifies in Yukatek (agent-salient, agent-patient salient, patient-salient, positional). The roots feed into the operator inventory in Operators.lean and the orbit-derivation in Phenomena/ArgumentStructure/Studies/Lucy1994.lean.

Source	Root	gloss	profile	Lucy class
ex. (1a)	siit'	"jump"	manner	agent-salient
(text p. 628)	tziib	"write"	manner	agent-salient
ex. (1b)	kuc	"carry"	manner + result	agent-patient salient
(text p. 629)	pis	"measure"	manner + result	agent-patient salient
(text p. 629)	los	"punch"	manner + result	agent-patient salient
ex. (1c) / (2)	kiim	"die"	result	patient-salient
ex. (2)	haanCease	"stop, cease, heal"	result	patient-salient
ex. (4)	luub	"fall"	result	patient-salient
ex. (4)	ok	"enter, intrude"	result	patient-salient
ex. (7)	cin	"bend"	state	positional
(Yukatek lex.)	kul	"sit"	state	positional

The patient-salient list also includes 'ah "wake", wen "sleep", siih "be born", tú'ub' "be forgotten", k'a'ah "remember", čú'un "begin", č'en "stop, cease", hó'op' "begin", hé'el "rest", p'át "remain"; the agent-salient list includes mìis "sweep", ć'eh "shout", paak "weed". For the motion-roots non-class argument we add a small representative subset: máan "pass", tàal "come", b'in "go", nàak "ascend", lìik' "rise". These are all encoded with becomesState atoms (no .motion atom; see motion_roots_not_separate_class for why "motion" is not a B&K-G feature in Lucy's analysis).

Important orthographic note. Yukatek háan "stop/cease/heal" and hàan "eat" differ in vowel tone (high vs. low). They are distinct roots with distinct lexical content. We disambiguate by suffixing the gloss: haanCease here is the patient-salient cessation root; Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.haanEat (in VerbClasses.lean) is the inactive-class but internally-caused "eat" verb that @cite{bohnemeyer-2004} ex. (9) takes as the key applicative exception.

The transcription uses ASCII glosses (no IPA diacritics) for ease of identifier use; original orthography is preserved in docstrings.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siit : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

síit' "jump" — manner-of-action activity (@cite{lucy-1994} ex. 1a). Underived intransitive; takes affective =t to transitivise. No .motion atom: per @cite{lucy-1994}, motion is not a B&K-G feature in Yukatek (cf. motion_roots_not_separate_class); jumping qualifies as a manner-of-action irrespective of whether it incidentally involves displacement.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siit = { name := "siit'", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasManner "jumping"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tziib : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

¢'iib "write" — manner-of-action activity (@cite{lucy-1994} p. 628).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tziib = { name := "tziib", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasManner "writing"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.miis : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

mìis "sweep" — manner-of-action activity (@cite{lucy-1994} agent-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.miis = { name := "mìis", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasManner "sweeping"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cheh : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

ć'eh "shout" — manner-of-action activity (@cite{lucy-1994} agent-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cheh = { name := "ć'eh", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasManner "shouting"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.paak : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

paak "weed" — manner-of-action activity (@cite{lucy-1994} agent-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.paak = { name := "paak", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasManner "weeding"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kuc : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

kuč "carry" — action with patient affected (@cite{lucy-1994} ex. 1b). Underived transitive; no derivation needed.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.pis : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

p'is "measure" — action with patient affected (@cite{lucy-1994} p. 629).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.los : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

lo'š "punch" — action with patient affected (@cite{lucy-1994} p. 629). No .contact atom: contact is implicit in the manner of striking rather than a B&K-G feature in Lucy's typology.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kiim : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

kíim "die" — spontaneous state change (@cite{lucy-1994} ex. 1c, 2).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kiim = { name := "kiim", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "dead"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.haanCease : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

háan "stop, cease, heal" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list, p. 630, ex. 2). High-tone vowel: distinct from Yukatek.haanEat "eat" (low-tone hàan), which is inactive-class but internally caused — see Fragments/Mayan/Yukatek/VerbClasses.lean and @cite{bohnemeyer-2004} ex. (9).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.haanCease = { name := "háan", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "stopped"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.luub : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

lúub' "fall" (@cite{lucy-1994} ex. 4, Table 4). A "motion verb" by any reasonable cross-linguistic notional taxonomy, but patterns morphologically with other patient-salient change-of-state roots in Yukatek. No .motion atom: motion is the issue, not a feature — see motion_roots_not_separate_class.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.luub = { name := "luub'", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "fallen"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ok : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

'ok "enter, intrude" (@cite{lucy-1994} ex. 4, Table 4). Another notional motion root that takes =s like patient-salient state changes.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ok = { name := "'ok", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "inside"] }

Additional patient-salient roots from the page-630 list.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ah : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

'ah "wake" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ah = { name := "'ah", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "awake"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.wen : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

wen "sleep" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list). State change into sleep, not the activity of sleeping.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.wen = { name := "wen", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "asleep"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siih : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

siih "be born" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siih = { name := "siih", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "born"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tuub : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

tú'ub' "be forgotten" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tuub = { name := "tú'ub'", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "forgotten"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kaah : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

k'a'ah "remember" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kaah = { name := "k'a'ah", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "remembered"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.chuun : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

čú'un "begin" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.chuun = { name := "čú'un", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "begun"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.chenCease : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

č'en "stop, cease" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list). Distinct from haanCease (Lucy lists them as separate entries).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.chenCease = { name := "č'en", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "ceased"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.hoop : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

hó'op' "begin" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list). Doublet of chuun; both gloss as "begin" in the patient-salient list.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.hoop = { name := "hó'op'", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "started"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.heel : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

hé'el "rest" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.heel = { name := "hé'el", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "rested"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.paat : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

p'át "remain" (@cite{lucy-1994} patient-salient list).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.paat = { name := "p'át", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "remaining"] }

Motion roots from @cite{lucy-1994} Table 4. These pattern as patient-salient (becomesState only) — the central typological point. See motion_roots_not_separate_class and motion_roots_predicted_patient.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.maan : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

máan "pass" (@cite{lucy-1994} Table 4).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.maan = { name := "máan", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "passed"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.taal : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

tàal "come" (@cite{lucy-1994} Table 4).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.taal = { name := "tàal", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "arrived"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.bin : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

b'in "go" (@cite{lucy-1994} Table 4).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.bin = { name := "b'in", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "departed"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.naak : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

nàak "ascend" (@cite{lucy-1994} Table 4). Distinct from Yukatek.naak "ascend" in VerbClasses.lean, which encodes Bohnemeyer's stem-class data; both refer to the same Yukatek root.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.naak = { name := "nàak", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "ascended"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.liik : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

lìik' "rise" (@cite{lucy-1994} Table 4).

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.liik = { name := "lìik'", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "risen"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cin : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

čin "bow, bend down, bend over" (@cite{lucy-1994} ex. 5, 7). Positional root; takes -tal (or -lah) for the inchoative stem.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cin = { name := "cin", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasState "bent"] }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kul : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

kul "sit" — positional root (cf. @cite{lucy-1994} ex. 8c on relational positional semantics: "x is-seated [on y]").

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kul = { name := "kul", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasState "seated"] }

Agent-salient roots → ⟨false, true, false, false⟩.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siit_signature : siit.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tziib_signature : tziib.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.miis_signature : miis.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cheh_signature : cheh.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.paak_signature : paak.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

Agent-patient salient roots → ⟨false, true, true, false⟩.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kuc_signature : kuc.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.pis_signature : pis.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.los_signature : los.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := true, cause := false }

Patient-salient roots → ⟨false, false, true, false⟩.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kiim_signature : kiim.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.haanCease_signature : haanCease.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.luub_signature : luub.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ok_signature : ok.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ah_signature : ah.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.wen_signature : wen.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siih_signature : siih.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tuub_signature : tuub.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kaah_signature : kaah.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.chuun_signature : chuun.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.chenCease_signature : chenCease.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.hoop_signature : hoop.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.heel_signature : heel.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.paat_signature : paat.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

Motion roots (also patient-salient) → ⟨false, false, true, false⟩.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.maan_signature : maan.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.taal_signature : taal.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.bin_signature : bin.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.naak_signature : naak.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.liik_signature : liik.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

Positional roots → ⟨true, false, false, false⟩.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cin_signature : cin.featureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kul_signature : kul.featureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := false, cause := false }

Closure under bkgRules (currently becomesState s ⇒ hasState s) promotes change-of-state roots to state = true. This does not change the Lucy 1994 salience class predicted by classOfSignature, because the agent / agentPatient / patient arms ignore the state field, and the positional arm requires result = false.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.siit_closed_signature : siit.closedFeatureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.tziib_closed_signature : tziib.closedFeatureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kuc_closed_signature : kuc.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := true, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.pis_closed_signature : pis.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := true, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.los_closed_signature : los.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := true, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kiim_closed_signature : kiim.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.haanCease_closed_signature : haanCease.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.luub_closed_signature : luub.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.ok_closed_signature : ok.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cin_closed_signature : cin.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kul_closed_signature : kul.closedFeatureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := false, cause := false }

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.agentSalientRoots : List Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

The agent-salient roots in this fragment: roots with manner only, expected to take affective =t.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.agentPatientSalientRoots : List Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

The agent-patient salient roots: roots with manner and result, expected to take zero derivation =∅.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.agentPatientSalientRoots = [Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kuc, Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.pis, Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.los]

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.patientSalientRoots : List Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

The patient-salient roots (excluding the motion subset): roots with result only, expected to take causative =s.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.motionRoots : List Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

The notional motion roots: cross-linguistically "motion" verbs that @cite{lucy-1994} shows pattern as patient-salient (not as a separate class) in Yukatek.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.positionalRoots : List Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

The positional roots: pure stative roots, expected to take -tal.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.positionalRoots = [Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.cin, Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots.kul]