Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Mayan.Yukatek.Roots

Yukatek Maya Roots as B&K-G Entailment Sets #

[Luc94] [BKG20]

A representative cross-section of Yukatek roots, drawn from the lists in [Luc94] ex. (1), (2), (4), and (7), and encoded as [BKG20]-style entailment sets.

The selection covers all four salience profiles that [Luc94] identifies in Yukatek (agent-salient, agent-patient salient, patient-salient, positional). The roots feed into the operator inventory in Operators.lean and the orbit-derivation in Studies/Lucy1994.lean.

Source	Root	gloss	profile	Lucy class
ex. (1a)	`siit'`	"jump"	manner	agent-salient
(text p. 628)	`tziib`	"write"	manner	agent-salient
ex. (1b)	`kuc`	"carry"	manner, root transitive	agent-patient salient
(text p. 629)	`pis`	"measure"	manner, root transitive	agent-patient salient
(text p. 629)	`los`	"punch"	manner, root transitive	agent-patient salient
ex. (1c) / (2)	`kiim`	"die"	result	patient-salient
ex. (2)	`haanCease`	"stop, cease, heal"	result	patient-salient
ex. (4)	`luub`	"fall"	result	patient-salient
ex. (4)	`ok`	"enter, intrude"	result	patient-salient
ex. (7)	`cin`	"bend"	state	positional
(Yukatek lex.)	`kul`	"sit"	state	positional

The patient-salient list also includes 'ah "wake", wen "sleep", siih "be born", tú'ub' "be forgotten", k'a'ah "remember", čú'un "begin", č'en "stop, cease", hó'op' "begin", hé'el "rest", p'át "remain"; the agent-salient list includes mìis "sweep", ć'eh "shout", paak "weed". For the motion-roots non-class argument we add a small representative subset: máan "pass", tàal "come", b'in "go", nàak "ascend", lìik' "rise". These are all encoded with becomesState atoms (no .motion atom; see motion_roots_not_separate_class for why "motion" is not a B&K-G feature in Lucy's analysis).

Important orthographic note. Yukatek háan "stop/cease/heal" and hàan "eat" differ in vowel tone (high vs. low). They are distinct roots with distinct lexical content. We disambiguate by suffixing the gloss: haanCease here is the patient-salient cessation root; Yukatek.haanEat (in VerbClasses.lean) is the inactive-class but internally-caused "eat" verb that [Boh04] ex. (9) takes as the key applicative exception.

The transcription uses ASCII glosses (no IPA diacritics) for ease of identifier use; original orthography is preserved in docstrings.

def Yukatek.Roots.siit :

síit' "jump" — manner-of-action activity ([Luc94] ex. 1a). Underived intransitive; takes affective =t to transitivise. No .motion atom: per [Luc94], motion is not a B&K-G feature in Yukatek (cf. motion_roots_not_separate_class); jumping qualifies as a manner-of-action irrespective of whether it incidentally involves displacement.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.siit = { name := "siit'", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "jumping"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.tziib :

¢'iib "write" — manner-of-action activity ([Luc94] p. 628).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.tziib = { name := "tziib", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "writing"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.miis :

mìis "sweep" — manner-of-action activity ([Luc94] agent-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.miis = { name := "mìis", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "sweeping"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.cheh :

ć'eh "shout" — manner-of-action activity ([Luc94] agent-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.cheh = { name := "ć'eh", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "shouting"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.paak :

paak "weed" — manner-of-action activity ([Luc94] agent-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.paak = { name := "paak", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "weeding"} }

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Agent-patient salient roots (root transitives, take `=∅`) #

These roots "require two arguments and refer to events involving the action of one entity on another" ([Luc94]) — their distinguishing property is root transitivity (Root.Arity.selectsTheme, recorded in arity below), not any B&K-G feature configuration. They carry no becomesState atom: 'measure' and 'punch' entail no change of state (B&K-G class hit-type surface-contact verbs as manner-only), so classing them by manner + result would wrongly make every Yukatek root transitive a Manner/Result-Complementarity violator.

def Yukatek.Roots.kuc :

kuč "carry" — manner-of-action, lexically transitive ([Luc94] ex. 1b). Underived transitive; no derivation needed.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.kuc = { name := "kuc", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "carrying"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.pis :

p'is "measure" — manner-of-action, lexically transitive ([Luc94] p. 629). No entailed change of state.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.pis = { name := "pis", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "measuring"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.los :

lo'š "punch" — manner-of-action, lexically transitive ([Luc94] p. 629). Surface-contact manner without entailed result, like B&K-G's hit-type. No .contact atom: contact is implicit in the manner of striking rather than a B&K-G feature in Lucy's typology.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.los = { name := "los", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasManner "striking"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.kiim :

kíim "die" — spontaneous state change ([Luc94] ex. 1c, 2).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.kiim = { name := "kiim", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "dead"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.haanCease :

háan "stop, cease, heal" ([Luc94] patient-salient list, p. 630, ex. 2). High-tone vowel: distinct from Yukatek.haanEat "eat" (low-tone hàan), which is inactive-class but internally caused — see Fragments/Mayan/Yukatek/VerbClasses.lean and [Boh04] ex. (9).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.haanCease = { name := "háan", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "stopped"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.luub :

lúub' "fall" ([Luc94] ex. 4, Table 4). A "motion verb" by any reasonable cross-linguistic notional taxonomy, but patterns morphologically with other patient-salient change-of-state roots in Yukatek. No .motion atom: motion is the issue, not a feature — see motion_roots_not_separate_class.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.luub = { name := "luub'", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "fallen"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.ok :

'ok "enter, intrude" ([Luc94] ex. 4, Table 4). Another notional motion root that takes =s like patient-salient state changes.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.ok = { name := "'ok", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "inside"} }

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Additional patient-salient roots from the page-630 list.

def Yukatek.Roots.ah :

'ah "wake" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.ah = { name := "'ah", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "awake"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.wen :

wen "sleep" ([Luc94] patient-salient list). State change into sleep, not the activity of sleeping.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.wen = { name := "wen", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "asleep"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.siih :

siih "be born" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.siih = { name := "siih", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "born"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.tuub :

tú'ub' "be forgotten" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.tuub = { name := "tú'ub'", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "forgotten"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.kaah :

k'a'ah "remember" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.kaah = { name := "k'a'ah", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "remembered"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.chuun :

čú'un "begin" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.chuun = { name := "čú'un", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "begun"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.chenCease :

č'en "stop, cease" ([Luc94] patient-salient list). Distinct from haanCease (Lucy lists them as separate entries).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.chenCease = { name := "č'en", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "ceased"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.hoop :

hó'op' "begin" ([Luc94] patient-salient list). Doublet of chuun; both gloss as "begin" in the patient-salient list.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.hoop = { name := "hó'op'", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "started"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.heel :

hé'el "rest" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.heel = { name := "hé'el", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "rested"} }

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def Yukatek.Roots.paat :

p'át "remain" ([Luc94] patient-salient list).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.paat = { name := "p'át", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "remaining"} }

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Motion roots from [Luc94] Table 4. These pattern as patient-salient (becomesState only) — the central typological point. See motion_roots_not_separate_class and motion_roots_predicted_patient.

def Yukatek.Roots.maan :

máan "pass" ([Luc94] Table 4).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.maan = { name := "máan", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "passed"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.taal :

tàal "come" ([Luc94] Table 4).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.taal = { name := "tàal", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "arrived"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.bin :

b'in "go" ([Luc94] Table 4).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.bin = { name := "b'in", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "departed"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.naak :

nàak "ascend" ([Luc94] Table 4). Distinct from Yukatek.naak "ascend" in VerbClasses.lean, which encodes Bohnemeyer's stem-class data; both refer to the same Yukatek root.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.naak = { name := "nàak", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "ascended"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.liik :

lìik' "rise" ([Luc94] Table 4).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.liik = { name := "lìik'", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.becomesState "risen"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.cin :

čin "bow, bend down, bend over" ([Luc94] ex. 5, 7). Positional root; takes -tal (or -lah) for the inchoative stem.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.cin = { name := "cin", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasState "bent"} }

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.kul :

kul "sit" — positional root (cf. [Luc94] ex. 8c on relational positional semantics: "x is-seated [on y]").

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.kul = { name := "kul", entailments := {Verb.LexEntailment.hasState "seated"} }

Instances For

Root arity #

def Yukatek.Roots.rootTransitives :

The root transitives of this sample — [Luc94]'s =∅ class ("some 500 roots form a transitive in this way"; here the three sampled members).

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.rootTransitives = [Yukatek.Roots.kuc, Yukatek.Roots.pis, Yukatek.Roots.los]

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.arity (r : Verb.Root) :

Verb.Root.Arity

Coon arity for the sampled roots: the =∅ class selects a theme ([Coo19]'s √TV); every other sampled root is intransitive.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.arity r = if r ∈ Yukatek.Roots.rootTransitives then Verb.Root.Arity.selectsTheme else Verb.Root.Arity.noTheme

Instances For

Per-root kind signatures #

Agent-salient roots → {.manner}.

theorem Yukatek.Roots.siit_signature :

siit.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.tziib_signature :

tziib.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.miis_signature :

miis.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.cheh_signature :

cheh.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.paak_signature :

paak.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

Agent-patient salient (root-transitive) roots → {.manner}.

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kuc_signature :

kuc.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.pis_signature :

pis.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.los_signature :

los.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

Patient-salient roots → {.result}.

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kiim_signature :

kiim.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.haanCease_signature :

haanCease.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.luub_signature :

luub.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.ok_signature :

ok.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.ah_signature :

ah.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.wen_signature :

wen.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.siih_signature :

siih.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.tuub_signature :

tuub.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kaah_signature :

kaah.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.chuun_signature :

chuun.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.chenCease_signature :

chenCease.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.hoop_signature :

hoop.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.heel_signature :

heel.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.paat_signature :

paat.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

Motion roots (also patient-salient) → {.result}.

theorem Yukatek.Roots.maan_signature :

maan.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.taal_signature :

taal.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.bin_signature :

bin.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.naak_signature :

naak.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.liik_signature :

liik.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.result}

Positional roots → {.state}.

theorem Yukatek.Roots.cin_signature :

cin.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.state}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kul_signature :

kul.kinds = {Verb.LexKind.state}

Per-root closed kind signatures #

The collocational closure (Root.Kinds.close) adds .state to any signature containing .result, and .result + .state to any containing .cause. No Yukatek root here carries a .cause atom, so only the result→state edge fires. Closure does not change the Lucy 1994 salience class predicted by classOf for these roots: arity is closure-invariant, the agent / patient arms ignore .state membership, and the positional arm (signature exactly {.state}) is never produced by closure from a non-positional base without .cause (cf. Lucy1994.predictedClass_closure_invariant).

theorem Yukatek.Roots.siit_closed_signature :

siit.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.tziib_closed_signature :

tziib.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kuc_closed_signature :

kuc.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.pis_closed_signature :

pis.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.los_closed_signature :

los.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.manner}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kiim_closed_signature :

kiim.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.state, Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.haanCease_closed_signature :

haanCease.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.state, Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.luub_closed_signature :

luub.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.state, Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.ok_closed_signature :

ok.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.state, Verb.LexKind.result}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.cin_closed_signature :

cin.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.state}

theorem Yukatek.Roots.kul_closed_signature :

kul.closedKinds = {Verb.LexKind.state}

def Yukatek.Roots.agentSalientRoots :

The agent-salient roots in this fragment: roots with manner only, expected to take affective =t.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.agentSalientRoots = [Yukatek.Roots.siit, Yukatek.Roots.tziib, Yukatek.Roots.miis, Yukatek.Roots.cheh, Yukatek.Roots.paak]

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.agentPatientSalientRoots :

The agent-patient salient roots: roots with manner and result, expected to take zero derivation =∅.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.agentPatientSalientRoots = [Yukatek.Roots.kuc, Yukatek.Roots.pis, Yukatek.Roots.los]

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.patientSalientRoots :

The patient-salient roots (excluding the motion subset): roots with result only, expected to take causative =s.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.motionRoots :

The notional motion roots: cross-linguistically "motion" verbs that [Luc94] shows pattern as patient-salient (not as a separate class) in Yukatek.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.motionRoots = [Yukatek.Roots.luub, Yukatek.Roots.ok, Yukatek.Roots.maan, Yukatek.Roots.taal, Yukatek.Roots.bin, Yukatek.Roots.naak, Yukatek.Roots.liik]

Instances For

def Yukatek.Roots.positionalRoots :

The positional roots: pure stative roots, expected to take -tal.

Equations

Yukatek.Roots.positionalRoots = [Yukatek.Roots.cin, Yukatek.Roots.kul]

Instances For