Mandarin adverbs

The Mandarin adverbs that trigger presuppositions. Yě, yòu, zài and jiù are among the nonmovable adverbs of Li and Thompson's grammar, which occur only after the subject or topic and before the verb. Yě 也 'also' applies to the subject: tā yě mǎi-le yi-ge huāpíng 's/he, in addition to some other people, also bought a vase'. The two adverbs meaning 'again' divide the time line between them: yòu 又 applies to past and present events, as in tā zuótiān yòu chī le 's/he ate again yesterday', and zài 再 to events that have not yet happened, as in tā míngtiān zài chī 's/he'll eat again tomorrow' and in commands, and neither occurs in the other's domain. Jiù 就 has several uses, among them 'immediately', 'then' and an emphatic one; the entry here is its use as 'only', in which it associates with a focus to its right. Réng 仍 'still' presents a state as continuing from the past, and búzài 不再 'no longer', built from the negator bù and zài, is its counterpart for a state that has ended; neither combines with a telic predicate. Fǎn'ér 反而 'instead' asserts its clause against a salient alternative that is false, where yě requires one that is true. The description follows Li and Thompson for yě, yòu, zài and jiù, and Wang for the focus association of jiù and for réng, búzài and fǎn'ér. The presuppositional verbs zhīdào 'know', hòuhuǐ 'regret' and kāishǐ 'start' are entries of Fragments/Mandarin/Verbs.lean.

References

• [LT81]
• [Wan25a]

def Mandarin.Adverbs.ye : Presupposition.TriggerItem

yě 也 'also', the additive adverb.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.ye = { form := "yě", script := some "也", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.additive }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.you : Presupposition.TriggerItem

yòu 又 'again', of past and present events.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.you = { form := "yòu", script := some "又", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.iterative }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.zai : Presupposition.TriggerItem

zài 再 'again', of events that have not yet happened.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.zai = { form := "zài", script := some "再", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.iterative }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.reng : Presupposition.TriggerItem

réng 仍 'still', of a state continuing from the past.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.reng = { form := "réng", script := some "仍", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.continuative }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.buzai : Presupposition.TriggerItem

búzài 不再 'no longer', of a state that held until the reference time.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.buzai = { form := "búzài", script := some "不再", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.changeOfState }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.jiu : Presupposition.TriggerItem

jiù 就 in its use as 'only', associating with a focus to its right.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.jiu = { form := "jiù", script := some "就", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.exclusive }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.faner : Presupposition.TriggerItem

fǎn'ér 反而 'instead, on the contrary'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.faner = { form := "fǎn'ér", script := some "反而", triggerClass := Presupposition.TriggerClass.contrastive }

def Mandarin.Adverbs.all : List Presupposition.TriggerItem

The presupposition-triggering adverbs.

Equations

• Mandarin.Adverbs.all = [Mandarin.Adverbs.ye, Mandarin.Adverbs.you, Mandarin.Adverbs.zai, Mandarin.Adverbs.reng, Mandarin.Adverbs.buzai, Mandarin.Adverbs.jiu, Mandarin.Adverbs.faner]