Magahi pronouns and agreement

The personal pronouns of Magahi and the verb suffixes that agree with the honorific grade of the subject and of the addressee, as Alok tabulates them. The second and third persons have three grades, nonhonorific, honorific and high honorific. The second person singular has one pronoun, tu, for the two lower grades, and the verb tells them apart. The third person singular has one nominative, u, for all three grades, and its oblique forms separate the nonhonorific from the two higher grades. The suffix agreeing with the addressee is fused with the one agreeing with the subject.

Main results

• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular_eq_iff, Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular_eq_iff: the second person singular merges the two lower grades and the third person oblique the two higher ones.
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondAgreement_injective: the verb separates the grades tu merges.
• Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive_honorific: honorific and high honorific subjects take the same fused suffixes.

References

• D. Alok, Speaker and Addressee in Natural Language: Honorificity, Indexicality and Their Interaction in Magahi (2020)
• D. Alok and O. Bhalla, Allocutivity and the Syntax of Honorifics (2026)

inductive Magahi.Grade : Type

The honorific grades of Magahi, lowest first.

• nonhonorific : Grade

  The nonhonorific grade.

• honorific : Grade

  The honorific grade.

• highHonorific : Grade

  The high honorific grade.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instDecidableEqGrade : DecidableEq Grade

Equations

• Magahi.instDecidableEqGrade x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instFintypeGrade : Fintype Grade

Equations

• Magahi.instFintypeGrade = { elems := { val := ↑Magahi.Grade.enumList, nodup := Magahi.Grade.enumList_nodup }, complete := Magahi.instFintypeGrade._proof_1 }

def Magahi.instReprGrade.repr : Grade → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Magahi.instReprGrade.repr Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific")).group prec✝
• Magahi.instReprGrade.repr Magahi.Grade.honorific prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Magahi.Grade.honorific")).group prec✝
• Magahi.instReprGrade.repr Magahi.Grade.highHonorific prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Magahi.Grade.highHonorific")).group prec✝

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instReprGrade : Repr Grade

Equations

• Magahi.instReprGrade = { reprPrec := Magahi.instReprGrade.repr }

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instLinearOrderGrade : LinearOrder Grade

Equations

• Magahi.instLinearOrderGrade = LinearOrder.lift' Magahi.Grade.ctorIdx Magahi.instLinearOrderGrade._proof_1

inductive Magahi.Case : Type

The cases of the Magahi pronoun tables, the nominative, the accusative and the possessive.

• nom : Case

  The nominative.

• acc : Case

  The accusative, also the dative.

• poss : Case

  The possessive.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instDecidableEqCase : DecidableEq Case

Equations

• Magahi.instDecidableEqCase x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instFintypeCase : Fintype Case

Equations

• Magahi.instFintypeCase = { elems := { val := ↑Magahi.Case.enumList, nodup := Magahi.Case.enumList_nodup }, complete := Magahi.instFintypeCase._proof_1 }

def Magahi.instReprCase.repr : Case → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Magahi.instReprCase.repr Magahi.Case.nom prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Magahi.Case.nom")).group prec✝
• Magahi.instReprCase.repr Magahi.Case.acc prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Magahi.Case.acc")).group prec✝
• Magahi.instReprCase.repr Magahi.Case.poss prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Magahi.Case.poss")).group prec✝

@[instance_reducible]

instance Magahi.instReprCase : Repr Case

Equations

• Magahi.instReprCase = { reprPrec := Magahi.instReprCase.repr }

First person

def Magahi.Pronouns.ham : PersonalPronoun

ham 'I'.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.ham = { form := "ham", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.hamraa : PersonalPronoun

hamraa 'me'.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.hamraa = { form := "hamraa", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.hamar : PersonalPronoun

hamar 'my'.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.hamar = { form := "hamar", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.hamnii : PersonalPronoun

hamnii 'we'.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.hamnii = { form := "hamnii", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural }

Second person

def Magahi.Pronouns.tu : PersonalPronoun

tu, the second person singular nominative of the two lower grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.tu = { form := "tu", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.toraa : PersonalPronoun

toraa, the second person singular accusative of the two lower grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.toraa = { form := "toraa", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.tor : PersonalPronoun

tor, the second person singular possessive of the two lower grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.tor = { form := "tor", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.apne : PersonalPronoun

apne, the high honorific second person singular nominative.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.apne = { form := "apne", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.apneKe : PersonalPronoun

apne-ke, the high honorific second person singular accusative and possessive.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.apneKe = { form := "apne-ke", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.tohnii : PersonalPronoun

tohnii, the second person plural nominative of the two lower grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.tohnii = { form := "tohnii", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural }

def Magahi.Pronouns.tohniiKe : PersonalPronoun

tohnii-ke, the second person plural accusative and possessive of the two lower grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.tohniiKe = { form := "tohnii-ke", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural }

def Magahi.Pronouns.apneLog : PersonalPronoun

apne-log, the high honorific second person plural nominative.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.apneLog = { form := "apne-log", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural }

def Magahi.Pronouns.apneLogKe : PersonalPronoun

apne-log-ke, the high honorific second person plural accusative and possessive.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.apneLogKe = { form := "apne-log-ke", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural }

Third person

def Magahi.Pronouns.u : PersonalPronoun

u, the third person singular nominative of every grade.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.u = { form := "u", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.okraa : PersonalPronoun

okraa, the nonhonorific third person singular accusative.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.okraa = { form := "okraa", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.okar : PersonalPronoun

okar, the nonhonorific third person singular possessive.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.okar = { form := "okar", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.unkaa : PersonalPronoun

unkaa, the third person singular accusative of the two higher grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.unkaa = { form := "unkaa", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.unkar : PersonalPronoun

unkar, the third person singular possessive of the two higher grades.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.unkar = { form := "unkar", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular }

def Magahi.Pronouns.okhnii : PersonalPronoun

okhnii, the third person plural nominative of every grade.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.okhnii = { form := "okhnii", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural }

def Magahi.Pronouns.okhniiKe : PersonalPronoun

okhnii-ke, the third person plural accusative and possessive of every grade.

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.okhniiKe = { form := "okhnii-ke", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural }

def Magahi.Pronouns.pronouns : Finset PersonalPronoun

The pronoun inventory.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

The pronoun tables

def Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular : Case → Grade → PersonalPronoun

The second person singular by case and grade ([Alo20] Table 2.1).

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.nom Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.tu
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.nom Magahi.Grade.honorific = Magahi.Pronouns.tu
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.nom Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.apne
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.acc Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.toraa
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.acc Magahi.Grade.honorific = Magahi.Pronouns.toraa
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.acc Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.apneKe
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.poss Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.tor
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.poss Magahi.Grade.honorific = Magahi.Pronouns.tor
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular Magahi.Case.poss Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.apneKe

def Magahi.Pronouns.secondPlural : Case → Grade → PersonalPronoun

The second person plural by case and grade ([Alo20] Table 2.2).

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.secondPlural Magahi.Case.nom Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.apneLog
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondPlural Magahi.Case.nom x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.tohnii
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondPlural x✝ Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.apneLogKe
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondPlural x✝¹ x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.tohniiKe

def Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular : Case → Grade → PersonalPronoun

The third person singular by case and grade ([Alo20] Table 2.3).

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular Magahi.Case.nom x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.u
• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular Magahi.Case.acc Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.okraa
• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular Magahi.Case.acc x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.unkaa
• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular Magahi.Case.poss Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Magahi.Pronouns.okar
• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular Magahi.Case.poss x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.unkar

def Magahi.Pronouns.thirdPlural : Case → Grade → PersonalPronoun

The third person plural by case and grade ([Alo20] Table 2.4).

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdPlural Magahi.Case.nom x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.okhnii
• Magahi.Pronouns.thirdPlural x✝¹ x✝ = Magahi.Pronouns.okhniiKe

theorem Magahi.Pronouns.secondSingular_eq_iff (c : Case) (g h : Grade) : secondSingular c g = secondSingular c h ↔ g = h ∨ g < Grade.highHonorific ∧ h < Grade.highHonorific

Two second-person singular grades share their forms exactly when both are below the high honorific.

theorem Magahi.Pronouns.thirdSingular_eq_iff (c : Case) (g h : Grade) : thirdSingular c g = thirdSingular c h ↔ c = Case.nom ∨ g = h ∨ Grade.nonhonorific < g ∧ Grade.nonhonorific < h

Two third-person singular grades share their forms exactly when both are above the nonhonorific, except in the nominative, which has one form for every grade.

theorem Magahi.Pronouns.isContiguous_tables (c : Case) : Morphology.IsContiguous (secondSingular c) ∧ Morphology.IsContiguous (secondPlural c) ∧ Morphology.IsContiguous (thirdSingular c) ∧ Morphology.IsContiguous (thirdPlural c)

Every pronoun table assigns each form a contiguous range of grades.

Agreement

def Magahi.Pronouns.secondAgreement : Grade → Morphology.Morph

The suffix agreeing with a second person subject at each grade ([Alo20] Table 3.1).

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.secondAgreement Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "eN"
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondAgreement Magahi.Grade.honorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "a"
• Magahi.Pronouns.secondAgreement Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "thi(n)"

theorem Magahi.Pronouns.secondAgreement_injective : Function.Injective secondAgreement

The verb separates the three second-person grades, among them the two tu serves.

def Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive : Grade → Grade → Morphology.Morph

The suffix agreeing with a non-second-person subject and with the addressee, by the grade of each ([Alo20] Table 3.2).

Equations

• Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "au"
• Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific Magahi.Grade.honorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "o"
• Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive Magahi.Grade.nonhonorific Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "ain"
• Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive x✝ Magahi.Grade.highHonorific = Morphology.Morph.suff "thi(n)"
• Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive x✝¹ x✝ = Morphology.Morph.suff "thu(n)"

theorem Magahi.Pronouns.allocutive_honorific : allocutive Grade.honorific = allocutive Grade.highHonorific ∧ ∀ (a b : Grade), allocutive Grade.honorific a = allocutive Grade.honorific b ↔ (a = Grade.highHonorific ↔ b = Grade.highHonorific)

Honorific and high honorific subjects take the same suffixes, which separate only a high honorific addressee from the others.