Latin Phonology — Fragment

Synchronic segmental inventory of Classical Latin, anchored on [Cse20] (the most recent comprehensive synchronic phonology of the language). [Sen15] is the complementary diachronic anchor for study files that explain why the inventory has this shape (clear and dark /l/ allophony, inverse compensatory lengthening, syllabification).

The Fragment provides the consensus consonant and vowel inventory plus enumeration lists. Natural-class membership reuses the substrate predicates from Phonology.Segment (Segment.IsVowel, Segment.IsConsonant, …); theoretical apparatus (moraic encoding, tier projections, conjugation classes) lives downstream in study files that consume this Fragment.

Main declarations

• a, e, i, o, u: five short vowels.
• p, b, t, d, k, g: the six oral stops.
• f, s: voiceless fricatives.
• m, n: nasals.
• l, r: liquids.
• v: the labio-velar glide (orthographic ⟨v⟩, phonetically [w]).
• vowels, consonants, allSegments: enumeration lists.

Implementation notes

Vowel length is prosodic, not segmental. The [long] feature is not in the Phonology.Features inventory (which follows [Hay09]'s decision to treat duration as a syllable-level property). Long vowels are encoded as two morae in Prosody's moraic layer rather than as distinct segments; consumers needing a surface short-vs-long contrast construct it at the syllable level.

Clear vs dark /l/ is allophonic. [Sen15] ch. 2 treats both [l] and [ɫ] as positional realizations of a single /l/ phoneme (clear before /i/ and in geminates, dark elsewhere). The Fragment supplies one l segment; the clear and dark variants surface in a Sen 2015 study file that derives them from positional context.

Orthographic ⟨v⟩ is the glide [w]. [Bel26] encodes ⟨v⟩ as [-consonantal] so that the tier projection of pluv- in pluvaris picks up the preceding /l/ rather than /v/ — the choice the Fragment adopts. A later study that needs the consonantal-fricative realization /β/ of late Latin would either add a separate segment or override the spec.

Namespace shadowing. Because the file's namespace ends with .Phonology, open Phonology (...) would resolve to the current namespace (Latin.Phonology) rather than the substrate root. The _root_. prefix forces resolution to the top-level Phonology.

Deferred: the labio-velars /kʷ/ ⟨qu⟩, /gʷ/ ⟨gu⟩; the rare /h/ and /y/; diphthongs ⟨ae⟩, ⟨oe⟩, ⟨au⟩; onset and coda phonotactic predicates. These land when the first consumer needs them.

Todo

• lDark allophone and the contextual mapping ([Sen15] ch. 2).
• Long-vowel surface notation if a consumer outside the moraic framework needs it.
• Frequency table from [Cse20] Appendix 1.
• Onset and coda phonotactic predicates.
• Labio-velars /kʷ/, /gʷ/; rare segments /h/, /y/; diphthongs.

Vowels

def Latin.Phonology.a : Phonology.Segment

/a/ — low vowel.

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def Latin.Phonology.e : Phonology.Segment

/e/ — mid front vowel.

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def Latin.Phonology.i : Phonology.Segment

/i/ — high front vowel.

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def Latin.Phonology.o : Phonology.Segment

/o/ — mid back rounded vowel.

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def Latin.Phonology.u : Phonology.Segment

/u/ — high back rounded vowel.

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Oral stops

def Latin.Phonology.p : Phonology.Segment

/p/ — voiceless bilabial stop.

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def Latin.Phonology.b : Phonology.Segment

/b/ — voiced bilabial stop.

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def Latin.Phonology.t : Phonology.Segment

/t/ — voiceless alveolar stop.

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def Latin.Phonology.d : Phonology.Segment

/d/ — voiced alveolar stop.

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def Latin.Phonology.k : Phonology.Segment

/k/ — voiceless velar stop (orthographic ⟨c⟩, ⟨k⟩, also ⟨q⟩ before /u/).

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def Latin.Phonology.g : Phonology.Segment

/g/ — voiced velar stop.

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Fricatives

def Latin.Phonology.f : Phonology.Segment

/f/ — voiceless labiodental fricative.

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def Latin.Phonology.s : Phonology.Segment

/s/ — voiceless alveolar fricative.

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Nasals

def Latin.Phonology.m : Phonology.Segment

/m/ — bilabial nasal.

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def Latin.Phonology.n : Phonology.Segment

/n/ — alveolar nasal.

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Liquids

def Latin.Phonology.l : Phonology.Segment

/l/ — alveolar lateral. [Sen15] ch. 2 treats clear [l] and dark [ɫ] as positional allophones of this single phoneme; the Fragment exposes just /l/, with the allophonic split derived in a Sen 2015 study file.

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def Latin.Phonology.r : Phonology.Segment

/r/ — alveolar trill ([Cse20] §2). [Sen15] §4.3 discusses /r/'s behaviour in vowel reduction before TR clusters.

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Glides

def Latin.Phonology.v : Phonology.Segment

/w/ — labio-velar glide, written orthographic ⟨v⟩ in Classical Latin. [Bel26] treats this as [-consonantal] so that the tier projection of pluv- in pluvaris picks up the preceding /l/ rather than /v/.

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Enumeration

def Latin.Phonology.vowels : List Phonology.Segment

The five short vowels of Classical Latin.

Equations

• Latin.Phonology.vowels = [Latin.Phonology.a, Latin.Phonology.e, Latin.Phonology.i, Latin.Phonology.o, Latin.Phonology.u]

def Latin.Phonology.consonants : List Phonology.Segment

The thirteen consonant segments covered by the Fragment. Labio-velars /kʷ/, /gʷ/, the rare /h/, and the palatal glide /j/ are deferred.

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def Latin.Phonology.allSegments : List Phonology.Segment

All segments currently provided by the Fragment.

Equations

• Latin.Phonology.allSegments = Latin.Phonology.vowels ++ Latin.Phonology.consonants

Sanity theorems

Natural-class predicates (IsVowel, IsConsonant, …) come from Phonology.Segment. The theorems below confirm the Fragment's segments inhabit the expected classes.

theorem Latin.Phonology.all_vowels_are_vowels (s : Phonology.Segment) : s ∈ vowels → s.IsVowel

The five vowel segments satisfy Segment.IsVowel.

theorem Latin.Phonology.no_consonant_is_vowel (s : Phonology.Segment) : s ∈ consonants → ¬s.IsVowel

The thirteen consonant segments do not satisfy Segment.IsVowel.

theorem Latin.Phonology.stops_are_stops (s : Phonology.Segment) : s ∈ [p, b, t, d, k, g] → s.IsStop

The six oral stops satisfy Segment.IsStop.

theorem Latin.Phonology.fricatives_are_fricatives (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ [f, s] → x.IsFricative

The two fricatives satisfy Segment.IsFricative.

theorem Latin.Phonology.nasals_are_nasals (s : Phonology.Segment) : s ∈ [m, n] → s.IsNasal

The two nasals satisfy Segment.IsNasal.

theorem Latin.Phonology.liquids_are_liquids (s : Phonology.Segment) : s ∈ [l, r] → s.IsLiquid

The two liquids satisfy Segment.IsLiquid.

theorem Latin.Phonology.v_is_glide : v.IsGlide

The glide v (orthographic ⟨v⟩, phonetically [w]) satisfies Segment.IsGlide.