Latin phonemes

This file lists the phonemes of Classical Latin and gives each its segment. Cser's synchronic phonology of the language is the source for the inventory: five vowel qualities, six oral stops, the voiceless fricatives /f s/, the nasals /m n/, the liquids /l r/ and the labio-velar glide written ⟨v⟩. The feature values of a phoneme are not listed here. Each phoneme names its glyph in the PHOIBLE chart, and its segment is the segment of that chart entry, so the values are PHOIBLE's.

Main definitions

• Latin.a, Latin.p and the like: the phonemes, as segments of their chart entries.
• Latin.inventory: the set of them.

Main results

• Latin.isVowel_iff, Latin.ofSegment_eq_nasal_iff, Latin.ofSegment_eq_liquid_iff, Latin.ofSegment_eq_glide_iff: the vowels and the sonorant consonants fall in their sonority classes.

Implementation notes

Vowel length is prosodic. Hayes treats duration as a property of the syllable, the feature system has no [long], and a long vowel is two morae, so only the five qualities are phonemes here. Clear and dark /l/ are positional variants of the one /l/, which the chart leaves unspecified for [back], as Sen's analysis of the variants requires. Orthographic ⟨v⟩ is the glide [w], [−consonantal], which is what lets Belth's tier projection of pluv- skip it.

TODO

• The labio-velars /kʷ/ and /gʷ/, which the chart omits as contour-valued, the rare /h/ and /y/, and the diphthongs.

References

• [Cse20]
• [Sen15]
• [Bel26]
• [Hay09]
• [MMcC19]

Phonemes

def Latin.a : Phonology.Segment

The low vowel /a/.

Equations

• Latin.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Latin.e : Phonology.Segment

The mid front vowel /e/.

Equations

• Latin.e = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.e

def Latin.i : Phonology.Segment

The high front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Latin.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Latin.o : Phonology.Segment

The mid back rounded vowel /o/.

Equations

• Latin.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Latin.u : Phonology.Segment

The high back rounded vowel /u/.

Equations

• Latin.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Latin.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Latin.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Latin.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• Latin.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Latin.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• Latin.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Latin.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar stop /d/.

Equations

• Latin.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Latin.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Latin.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Latin.g : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /g/, the IPA glyph ɡ in the chart.

Equations

• Latin.g = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Latin.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/.

Equations

• Latin.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def Latin.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.

Equations

• Latin.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Latin.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Latin.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Latin.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Latin.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Latin.l : Phonology.Segment

The lateral /l/.

Equations

• Latin.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Latin.r : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar trill /r/.

Equations

• Latin.r = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.r

def Latin.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/, orthographic ⟨v⟩.

Equations

• Latin.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Latin.inventory : Finset Phonology.Segment

The phonemes of Classical Latin, pairwise distinct.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Latin.isVowel_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (x.IsVowel ↔ x ∈ {Latin.a, e, i, o, u})

theorem Latin.ofSegment_eq_nasal_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (Phonology.Sonority.ofSegment x = Phonology.Sonority.nasal ↔ x = m ∨ x = n)

theorem Latin.ofSegment_eq_liquid_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (Phonology.Sonority.ofSegment x = Phonology.Sonority.liquid ↔ x = l ∨ x = r)

theorem Latin.ofSegment_eq_glide_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ inventory → (Phonology.Sonority.ofSegment x = Phonology.Sonority.glide ↔ x = w)