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Linglib.Fragments.Latin.Case

Latin Case Inventory [Bla94b] #

Latin has 6 cases in the standard description ([Bla94b], passim): NOM, ACC, GEN, DAT, ABL, VOC. Latin is Blake's primary example language throughout Case — its paradigms illustrate syncretism patterns (Ch. 2, pp. 19–24), the core/peripheral distinction, and the ABL's wide functional range (source, instrument, cause, comparison).

A vestigial locative survives for a few nouns (place names, domī 'at home', humī 'on the ground'). Including it gives a 7-case inventory that satisfies Blake's contiguity; the standard 6-case inventory has a gap at rank 3 (LOC) between DAT and ABL.

Syncretism #

Latin syncretism patterns divide into two groups:

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def Latin.Case.caseInventory :
Finset Case

Standard Latin 6-case inventory (NOM ACC GEN DAT ABL VOC).

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    def Latin.Case.coreInventory :
    Finset Case

    The hierarchy-relevant subset (excluding VOC at rank 0).

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      theorem Latin.Case.core_inventory_fails_strict :
      ¬Case.IsValidInventory coreInventory

      Latin's 5-case core inventory fails strict contiguity: DAT (rank 4) and ABL (rank 2) have no LOC (rank 3) between them.

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      def Latin.Case.inventoryWithLocative :
      Finset Case

      With the vestigial locative, contiguous on ranks 6–2. VOC (rank 0) creates a gap at rank 1 under strict checking, so we validate the hierarchy-relevant subset without it.

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        theorem Latin.Case.neuter_syncretism_adjacent :
        Case.nom.HierarchyAdjacent Case.acc
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        theorem Latin.Case.dat_abl_not_strictly_adjacent :
        ¬Case.dat.HierarchyAdjacent Case.abl
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        theorem Latin.Case.dat_abl_inventory_adjacent :
        Case.InventoryAdjacent coreInventory Case.dat Case.abl
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        theorem Latin.Case.abl_extends_to_inst :
        Case.abl.Extends Case.inst

        Latin ABL is the textbook case of case extension: a single morphological form covers source (ablativus separativus), instrumental (ablativus instrumenti), and causal (ablativus causae) functions. These are exactly the ablative extension targets in [Hei09a] Table 29.6, formalized in Case.Extends.

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        theorem Latin.Case.abl_extends_to_caus :
        Case.abl.Extends Case.caus