Koryak Modal Inventory #
Modal expressions from Koryak (Chukotko-Kamchatkan), based on [MA19].
Koryak is a key counterexample to the SAV universal ([Nau08]): the attitude verb ivək expresses both necessity and possibility with both doxastic and assertive flavors, varying on both axes.
In the 3×3 space, doxastic maps to epistemic and assertive maps to epistemic (both are knowledge/belief-oriented), so ivək's meaning reduces to variable-force epistemic, which satisfies both SAV and IFF. However, following [STIG23] §4.1, the relevant observation is that ivək varies on both force and flavor when the flavor axis is taken at full granularity (doxastic ≠ assertive).
We encode the 3×3-projected meaning here. The full doxastic/assertive
distinction requires a finer-grained flavor type than ModalFlavor.
ivək — variable-force attitude verb. Doxastic: 'believe' (necessity) / 'allow for the possibility that' (possibility). Assertive: 'say/assert' (necessity) / assertive possibility. Both doxastic and assertive map to epistemic in the 3×3 space.
Equations
- Koryak.Modals.modalIvek = { form := "ivək", meaning := [Koryak.Modals.ne✝, Koryak.Modals.pe✝] }