Korean voice

Korean forms its passive and its short causative with a suffix on the stem. The passive suffix has four variants, chosen largely by the final sound of the stem, and the causative suffix eleven, which that sound does not wholly predict. Every passive variant is also a causative one, so ilk-hi- is both 'be read' and 'cause to read'. Creissels takes such a shared suffix to mark only the demotion of the initial A, which the passive compensates by making the P the subject and the causative by introducing a causer. The long causative, ha-ta 'do' after a clause in -key, is a complex sentence, so it is a construction of Korean.ha rather than a voice.

Main definitions

• Korean.passiveSuffixes, Korean.causativeSuffixes: the variants of the two suffixes.
• Korean.passive, Korean.causative, Korean.causativeOfTransitive: the voices.

Main results

• Korean.passiveSuffixes_subset_causativeSuffixes: every passive suffix is a causative suffix.
• Korean.fateOfRole_passive_causativeOfTransitive: the passive and the causative of a transitive verb both demote the initial A.

References

• [Soh99]
• [Cre24]

Suffixes

def Korean.passiveSuffixes : Finset String

The variants of the passive suffix, conditioned largely by the final sound of the stem ([Soh99] p. 368).

Equations

• Korean.passiveSuffixes = {"i", "hi", "li", "ki"}

def Korean.causativeSuffixes : Finset String

The variants of the causative suffix, which the final sound of the stem does not wholly predict ([Soh99] p. 374).

Equations

• Korean.causativeSuffixes = {"y", "i", "hi", "li", "ki", "khi", "wu", "ywu", "iwu", "chwu", "kwu"}

theorem Korean.passiveSuffixes_subset_causativeSuffixes : passiveSuffixes ⊆ causativeSuffixes

Every passive suffix is a causative suffix ([Soh99] p. 374).

Voices

def Korean.passive (sfx : ↥passiveSuffixes) : Voice

The passive in the suffix sfx makes the object the subject and demotes the agent, which a locative or goal particle may mark ([Soh99] p. 368).

Equations

• Korean.passive sfx = Voice.passive.marked [Morphology.Morph.suff ↑sfx]

def Korean.causative (sfx : ↥causativeSuffixes) : Voice

The causative of an intransitive verb or an adjective in the suffix sfx makes a causer the A and the initial S the P ([Soh99] p. 375).

Equations

• Korean.causative sfx = Voice.causative.marked [Morphology.Morph.suff ↑sfx]

def Korean.causativeOfTransitive (sfx : ↥causativeSuffixes) : Voice

The causative of a transitive verb in the suffix sfx makes a causer the A and the initial A a dative before the initial P; the dative may also be accusative, as in other ditransitive clauses ([Soh99] p. 375).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Korean.coding_passive (s : ↥passiveSuffixes) : (passive s).coding = Voice.Coding.synthetic

theorem Korean.coding_causative (t : ↥causativeSuffixes) : (causative t).coding = Voice.Coding.synthetic

theorem Korean.coding_causativeOfTransitive (t : ↥causativeSuffixes) : (causativeOfTransitive t).coding = Voice.Coding.synthetic

theorem Korean.isValencyIncreasing_causative (t : ↥causativeSuffixes) : (causative t).IsValencyIncreasing

theorem Korean.fateOfRole_passive_causativeOfTransitive (s : ↥passiveSuffixes) (t : ↥causativeSuffixes) : (passive s).fateOfRole Voice.TermRole.A = Voice.ParticipantFate.denucleativized ∧ (causativeOfTransitive t).fateOfRole Voice.TermRole.A = Voice.ParticipantFate.denucleativized ∧ (causativeOfTransitive t).newParticipant = some Voice.TermRole.A

The passive and the causative of a transitive verb both demote the initial A ([Cre24] §12.5.1).