Korean pronouns and speech-style particles

Korean is discourse-oriented: pronouns are omitted whenever they are recoverable, and reference to a third party is a demonstrative with a noun for a person, geu bun 'that person', geu ai 'that child', graded by the deference the noun carries. The overt pronouns are chosen by the addressee's or referent's age and status relative to the speaker, as Sohn tabulates them: the first person has the neutral na and the humble jeo, with the plurals uri and jeohui; the second has the plain neo for a child or intimate, the familiar jane, the blunt dangsin, used to an adult equal or inferior and affectionately between spouses, and the deferential taek to an adult stranger, kinship terms and titles serving a superior; in the third person geu 'he' and geunyeo 'she', with the plural geudeul, are recent innovations of written narrative used anaphorically, while the colloquial gyae, contracted from geu ai, is neutral for gender and implies familiarity with the referent, as Kwon and Lee describe. Before the nominative particle na, jeo and neo become nae, je and ne. The sentence-final speech-style particles -yo and -(seu)mnida occur in root clauses only. Both present the addressee as above the speaker, and they differ in the formality of the discourse: -yo is the polite particle of informal speech and -(seu)mnida that of formal speech. Forms are in the Revised Romanization; Sohn writes na, ce, wuli, ce-huy, ne, caney, tangsin, tayk, ku, ku nye and ku-tul.

Main definitions

• Korean.Pronouns.pronouns — the personal pronouns
• Korean.Pronouns.addressee — the second person singular at each grade
• Korean.Pronouns.allocutiveParticles — the speech-style particles

Implementation notes

The humble first person is chosen by the standing of the addressee. That is neither the formality of the situation, which a pronoun's register records, nor the grade at which a pronoun presents its own referent, so jeo and jeohui carry neither value and differ from na and uri in form alone.

References

• [AB26]
• [KL26]
• [Soh94]
• [Soh99]

inductive Korean.Grade : Type

The honorific grades of the Korean second-person pronouns, lowest first.

• plain : Grade

  The plain grade, neo, to a child or an intimate.

• familiar : Grade

  The familiar grade, jane, to an adult or pre-adult inferior.

• blunt : Grade

  The blunt grade, dangsin, to an adult equal or inferior.

• deferential : Grade

  The deferential grade, taek, to an adult stranger.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Korean.instDecidableEqGrade : DecidableEq Grade

Equations

• Korean.instDecidableEqGrade x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Korean.instFintypeGrade : Fintype Grade

Equations

• Korean.instFintypeGrade = { elems := { val := ↑Korean.Grade.enumList, nodup := Korean.Grade.enumList_nodup }, complete := Korean.instFintypeGrade._proof_1 }

@[instance_reducible]

instance Korean.instReprGrade : Repr Grade

Equations

• Korean.instReprGrade = { reprPrec := Korean.instReprGrade.repr }

def Korean.instReprGrade.repr : Grade → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Korean.instReprGrade.repr Korean.Grade.plain prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Korean.Grade.plain")).group prec✝
• Korean.instReprGrade.repr Korean.Grade.familiar prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Korean.Grade.familiar")).group prec✝
• Korean.instReprGrade.repr Korean.Grade.blunt prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Korean.Grade.blunt")).group prec✝
• Korean.instReprGrade.repr Korean.Grade.deferential prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Korean.Grade.deferential")).group prec✝

@[instance_reducible]

instance Korean.instLinearOrderGrade : LinearOrder Grade

Equations

• Korean.instLinearOrderGrade = LinearOrder.lift' Korean.Grade.ctorIdx Korean.instLinearOrderGrade._proof_1

def Korean.Pronouns.na : PersonalPronoun

The neutral first person na.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.na = { form := "na", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, script := some "나" }

def Korean.Pronouns.jeo : PersonalPronoun

The humble first person jeo, used to a senior or an adult equal where the plain na is used to a child or a younger adult ([Soh99]).

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.jeo = { form := "jeo", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, script := some "저" }

def Korean.Pronouns.uri : PersonalPronoun

The neutral first person plural uri.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.uri = { form := "uri", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural, script := some "우리" }

def Korean.Pronouns.jeohui : PersonalPronoun

The humble first person plural jeohui.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.jeohui = { form := "jeohui", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural, script := some "저희" }

def Korean.Pronouns.neo : PersonalPronoun

The plain second person neo, to a child or an intimate.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.neo = { form := "neo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, script := some "너" }

def Korean.Pronouns.jane : PersonalPronoun

The familiar second person jane, to an adult or pre-adult inferior.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.jane = { form := "jane", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, script := some "자네" }

def Korean.Pronouns.dangsin : PersonalPronoun

The blunt second person dangsin, to an adult equal or inferior and between spouses.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.dangsin = { form := "dangsin", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, script := some "당신" }

def Korean.Pronouns.taek : PersonalPronoun

The deferential second person taek, to an adult stranger.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.taek = { form := "taek", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, script := some "댁" }

def Korean.Pronouns.geu : PersonalPronoun

The written-narrative masculine third person geu.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.Pronouns.geunyeo : PersonalPronoun

The written-narrative feminine third person geunyeo.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.Pronouns.gyae : PersonalPronoun

The colloquial third person gyae, neutral for gender.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.gyae = { form := "gyae", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, script := some "걔", register := SocialMeaning.Register.informal }

def Korean.Pronouns.geudeul : PersonalPronoun

The written-narrative third person plural geudeul.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.geudeul = { form := "geudeul", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, script := some "그들", register := SocialMeaning.Register.formal }

def Korean.Pronouns.addressee : Grade → PersonalPronoun

The second person singular at each grade.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.addressee Korean.Grade.plain = Korean.Pronouns.neo
• Korean.Pronouns.addressee Korean.Grade.familiar = Korean.Pronouns.jane
• Korean.Pronouns.addressee Korean.Grade.blunt = Korean.Pronouns.dangsin
• Korean.Pronouns.addressee Korean.Grade.deferential = Korean.Pronouns.taek

def Korean.Pronouns.pronouns : Finset PersonalPronoun

The personal pronouns.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.Pronouns.yo : Morphology.Morph

The polite speech-style particle -yo, of informal discourse.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.yo = Morphology.Morph.suff "yo"

def Korean.Pronouns.supnida : Morphology.Morph

The speech-style particle -(seu)mnida, of formal discourse.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.supnida = Morphology.Morph.suff "(seu)mnida"

def Korean.Pronouns.allocutiveParticles : List Morphology.Morph

The speech-style particles.

Equations

• Korean.Pronouns.allocutiveParticles = [Korean.Pronouns.yo, Korean.Pronouns.supnida]