Korean stop nasalization

A Korean stop becomes the nasal of its place before a nasal, so that morpheme-final /p t k/ and /m n ŋ/, which contrast in pak 'gourd' and paŋ 'room', are pronounced alike before a nasal: tɕakɨn-pak nɛmsɛ-ka 'the smell of a small gourd' and tɕakɨn-paŋ nɛmsɛ-ka 'the smell of a small room' are the same string of sounds, Hayes's illustration of neutralization. Hayes writes the rule as the change of a non-affricate stop to a voiced nasal sonorant before a nasal, leaving its place alone, and that is how it is written here.

The phonemes are the ones the rule needs, and each takes its feature values from its glyph in the PHOIBLE chart. There a stop and the nasal of its place differ in the three features the rule writes and in [delayed release], which is minus on a stop and not applicable on a nasal. The rule's output is therefore the nasal on every feature but [delayed release], and no two phonemes differ in that feature alone.

Main definitions

• Korean.p, Korean.ŋ and the like: the phonemes of the illustration, as segments.
• Korean.inventory: the set of them.
• Korean.stopNasalization: a non-affricate stop becomes a voiced nasal sonorant before a nasal.

Main results

• Korean.subset_kor: the phonemes are segments of PHOIBLE's Korean inventory.
• Korean.pak_paŋ_neutralized: pak and paŋ before n derive the same string, the one with the velar nasal on every feature but [delayed release]; pak alone is unchanged.
• Korean.derive_pak_ne_paŋ: the derived string is not literally the one with the velar nasal, since the rule leaves [−delayed release] in place.
• Korean.isDistinctive_compl_delayedRelease: the features other than [delayed release] distinguish the phonemes.

References

• [Hay09]
• [MMcC19]

Phonemes

def Korean.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Korean.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Korean.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• Korean.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Korean.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Korean.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Korean.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Korean.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Korean.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Korean.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Korean.ŋ : Phonology.Segment

The velar nasal /ŋ/.

Equations

• Korean.ŋ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ŋ

def Korean.a : Phonology.Segment

The low vowel /a/.

Equations

• Korean.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Korean.i : Phonology.Segment

The high front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Korean.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Korean.u : Phonology.Segment

The high back rounded vowel /u/.

Equations

• Korean.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Korean.l : Phonology.Segment

The lateral /l/.

Equations

• Korean.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Korean.inventory : Finset Phonology.Segment

The phonemes of Hayes's illustration are the plain stops, the nasals, three vowels and the lateral, and they are pairwise distinct.

Equations

• Korean.inventory = { val := ↑[Korean.p, Korean.t, Korean.k, Korean.m, Korean.n, Korean.ŋ, Korean.a, Korean.i, Korean.u, Korean.l], nodup := Korean.inventory._proof_1 }

theorem Korean.subset_kor : inventory ⊆ Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Korean.kor.segments

The phonemes are segments of PHOIBLE's Korean inventory.

The rule

def Korean.stopNasalization : Subregular.LocalRewrite.Rule

A non-affricate stop becomes a voiced nasal sonorant before a nasal.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.exceptDelayedRelease : Finset Phonology.Feature

The features other than [delayed release].

Equations

• Korean.exceptDelayedRelease = {Phonology.Feature.delayedRelease}ᶜ

theorem Korean.isDistinctive_compl_delayedRelease : Phonology.IsDistinctive exceptDelayedRelease inventory

No two phonemes differ in [delayed release] alone.

theorem Korean.pak_paŋ_neutralized : List.map (Phonology.Segment.restrict exceptDelayedRelease) (Subregular.LocalRewrite.derive [stopNasalization] [p, a, k, n]) = List.map (Phonology.Segment.restrict exceptDelayedRelease) [p, a, ŋ, n] ∧ Subregular.LocalRewrite.derive [stopNasalization] [p, a, ŋ, n] = [p, a, ŋ, n] ∧ Subregular.LocalRewrite.derive [stopNasalization] [p, a, k] = [p, a, k]

pak 'gourd' and paŋ 'room' before n derive the same string, which has the velar nasal on every feature but [delayed release]; paŋ is unchanged there, and so is pak alone.

theorem Korean.derive_pak_ne_paŋ : Subregular.LocalRewrite.derive [stopNasalization] [p, a, k, n] ≠ [p, a, ŋ, n]

The string derived from pak before n is not the string with the velar nasal itself, because the rule leaves the stop its [−delayed release].