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Linglib.Fragments.Javanese.Modals

Javanese-Paciran Modal Inventory #

Modal expressions from Javanese (Austronesian), based on [VK13].

Strong epistemic necessity mesthi.

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    Weak epistemic necessity mesthi-ne: mesthi + NE definiteness marker. NE picks out the unique minimal witness set (= X operator of [AJ22] §5.1), yielding a definite plurality of worlds rather than universal quantification.

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      Strong deontic/circumstantial necessity kudu.

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        Weak deontic/circumstantial necessity kudu-ne: kudu + NE. Same derivation as mesthi-ne: NE = X restricts to necessity because ∀ has a unique minimal witness but ∃ does not.

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