Japanese Prosody Fragment

Word-level prosodic entries for Tokyo Japanese: lexical pitch accent as a mora position ([BP86]; [Kaw15]), frequency-annotated entries and compounds ([BKK26]), and an affix lexicon classified by the eight-way Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType typology ([Kaw15] §6).

Accent values are grounded in the sources' own data: the presence/location minimal pairs of [Kaw15] (1) and (28), and the accentual-phrase materials of [BP86] (Figs. 6–13).

structure Japanese.Prosody.ProsodicEntry : Type

A Japanese lexical entry with its prosodic specification. The accent is the 0-indexed mora position of the linked H tone, and unaccented words have accentMora = none ([BP86]).

• form : String

  Surface form (romanized)

• gloss : String

  Gloss

• accentMora : Option ℕ

  Mora position of the accent (none = unaccented)

• nMorae : ℕ

  Number of morae in the word

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.Prosody.instReprProsodicEntry : Repr ProsodicEntry

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.instReprProsodicEntry = { reprPrec := Japanese.Prosody.instReprProsodicEntry.repr }

def Japanese.Prosody.instReprProsodicEntry.repr : ProsodicEntry → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Japanese.Prosody.ProsodicEntry.isAccented (e : ProsodicEntry) : Bool

Whether the entry bears an accent.

Equations

• e.isAccented = e.accentMora.isSome

Sample entries

The presence-vs-absence minimal pair ame ~ a'me of [Kaw15] (1a–b), and the adjective and noun materials of [BP86]'s accentual-phrase experiments (Figs. 6–13), also cited as [Kaw15] (28).

def Japanese.Prosody.ameCandy : ProsodicEntry

ame 'candy' — unaccented ([Kaw15] (1a); the unaccented noun of [BP86] Fig. 6).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.ameCandy = { form := "ame", gloss := "candy", accentMora := none, nMorae := 2 }

def Japanese.Prosody.ameRain : ProsodicEntry

a'me 'rain' — initial accent, minimal with ameCandy ([Kaw15] (1b)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.ameRain = { form := "ame", gloss := "rain", accentMora := some 0, nMorae := 2 }

def Japanese.Prosody.umai : ProsodicEntry

uma'i 'delicious' — accented adjective ([Kaw15] (28a); [BP86] Figs. 6, 9).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.umai = { form := "umai", gloss := "delicious", accentMora := some 1, nMorae := 3 }

def Japanese.Prosody.amai : ProsodicEntry

amai 'sweet' — unaccented adjective, minimal with umai ([Kaw15] (28b); [BP86] Fig. 8).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.amai = { form := "amai", gloss := "sweet", accentMora := none, nMorae := 3 }

def Japanese.Prosody.mame : ProsodicEntry

mame' 'beans' — final accent ([BP86] Fig. 6, where AP-grouping with uma'i deletes this accent).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.mame = { form := "mame", gloss := "beans", accentMora := some 1, nMorae := 2 }

theorem Japanese.Prosody.ameRain_accented : ameRain.isAccented = true

theorem Japanese.Prosody.ameCandy_unaccented : ameCandy.isAccented = false

Frequency-annotated lexical entries

structure Japanese.Prosody.LexicalEntryextends Japanese.Prosody.ProsodicEntry : Type

A lexical entry carrying the two corpus annotations of frequency-conditioned phonology, a token log-frequency and a free/bound flag ([BKK26]).

• form : String
• gloss : String
• accentMora : Option ℕ
• nMorae : ℕ
• tokenLogFreq : ℚ

  Token log-frequency in a reference corpus (e.g., BCCWJ). 0 conventionally means "log of 1 occurrence" — used as the no-info default for unannotated items. Stored as ℚ so that the lexicon remains computable while the abstract Phonology/ interface coerces to ℝ.

• canStandAlone : Bool

  Can this morpheme stand alone as a wordform? false for bound stems that occur only in compounds (e.g., the bound N2s targeted in [BKK26]).

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.Prosody.instReprLexicalEntry : Repr LexicalEntry

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.instReprLexicalEntry = { reprPrec := Japanese.Prosody.instReprLexicalEntry.repr }

def Japanese.Prosody.instReprLexicalEntry.repr : LexicalEntry → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

noncomputable def Japanese.Prosody.LexicalEntry.tokenFreq (e : LexicalEntry) : ℝ

The token log-frequency as the ℝ value that frequency-conditioned phonology reads. The underlying ℚ field keeps the lexicon computable.

Equations

• e.tokenFreq = ↑e.tokenLogFreq

Compounds

structure Japanese.Prosody.NominalCompound : Type

A Japanese N1 + N2 nominal compound. Compound-medial position is the locus of voiced velar nasalisation (/g/ → [ŋ]), obligatory when N2 is bound and otherwise frequency-conditioned ([BKK26]).

• n1 : LexicalEntry
• n2 : LexicalEntry
• compoundLogFreq : ℚ

  Token log-frequency of the compound as a unit — independent of the constituents' frequencies, and the principal conditioning variable on optional nasalisation.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.Prosody.instReprNominalCompound : Repr NominalCompound

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.instReprNominalCompound = { reprPrec := Japanese.Prosody.instReprNominalCompound.repr }

def Japanese.Prosody.instReprNominalCompound.repr : NominalCompound → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Japanese.Prosody.NominalCompound.form (c : NominalCompound) : String

The compound's surface form, the concatenation of the N1 and N2 forms (the segmental alternation /g/ → [ŋ] applies on top).

Equations

• c.form = c.n1.form ++ c.n2.form

def Japanese.Prosody.NominalCompound.nasalisationObligatory (c : NominalCompound) : Bool

A compound's nasalisation is obligatory iff its N2 is bound. The free-N2 case is the gradient one tested in [BKK26].

Equations

• c.nasalisationObligatory = !c.n2.canStandAlone

Affix accent lexicon

One canonical affix per accent type of [Kaw15] §6's eight-way typology, encoded by Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.

structure Japanese.Prosody.AffixEntry : Type

A Japanese affix with its accentual behavior class.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• accentType : Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType

def Japanese.Prosody.instReprAffixEntry.repr : AffixEntry → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.Prosody.instReprAffixEntry : Repr AffixEntry

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.instReprAffixEntry = { reprPrec := Japanese.Prosody.instReprAffixEntry.repr }

def Japanese.Prosody.taraSuffix : AffixEntry

The recessive conditional suffix -ta'ra, which bears accent but loses it to an accented root ([Kaw15] (29)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.taraSuffix = { form := "-tara", gloss := "conditional", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.recessive }

def Japanese.Prosody.ppoiSuffix : AffixEntry

The dominant suffix -ppo'i '-ish', which bears accent and deletes root accent ([Kaw15] (30)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.ppoiSuffix = { form := "-ppoi", gloss := "-ish", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.dominant }

def Japanese.Prosody.siSuffix : AffixEntry

The recessive pre-accenting suffix -si (氏 'Mr.'), which inserts accent on the root-final syllable when the root is unaccented and preserves root accent when present ([Kaw15] (31)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.siSuffix = { form := "-si", gloss := "Mr.", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.recessivePreAccent }

def Japanese.Prosody.keSuffix : AffixEntry

The dominant pre-accenting suffix -ke 'family of', which always inserts accent on the root-final syllable, deleting any root accent ([Kaw15] (32)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.keSuffix = { form := "-ke", gloss := "family of", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.dominantPreAccent }

def Japanese.Prosody.monoSuffix : AffixEntry

The accent-shifting suffix -mono 'thing', which shifts existing root accent to pre-suffix position but never creates new accent ([Kaw15] (33)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.monoSuffix = { form := "-mono", gloss := "thing", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.accentShifting }

def Japanese.Prosody.oPrefix : AffixEntry

The post-accenting honorific prefix o-, which inserts accent after the prefix ([Kaw15] (34)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.oPrefix = { form := "o-", gloss := "honorific", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.postAccenting }

def Japanese.Prosody.tekiSuffix : AffixEntry

The deaccenting suffix -teki (的 '-like'), which deletes root accent and inserts none ([Kaw15] (36)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.tekiSuffix = { form := "-teki", gloss := "的 -like", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.deaccenting }

def Japanese.Prosody.zuSuffix : AffixEntry

The initial-accenting suffix -zu of group names, which inserts accent on the root-initial syllable ([Kaw15] (39)).

Equations

• Japanese.Prosody.zuSuffix = { form := "-zu", gloss := "group", accentType := Features.Prosody.AffixAccentType.initialAccenting }