Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Japanese.PolarityItems

Japanese Polarity-Sensitive Items #

[Has97] [KS17] [Shi11] [Wat04]

Japanese indefinite pronoun polarity items, typed by the categories from Semantics.Polarity.

Japanese builds polarity items from wh-indeterminates + particles ([KS17]):

NPI #

source
def Japanese.PolarityItems.dareMo :
Semantics.Polarity.Item

dare-mo (with clausemate negation) — n-word: dare-mo ko-nakat-ta 'nobody came'. Requires clausemate sentential negation and is ungrammatical in weak-DE contexts like questions and conditionals, which take dare-ka or bare indeterminates instead ([Shi11]); [Wat04] analyzes it as a negative-concord item.

baseForce follows the Hamblin-universal analysis of -mo ([Shi06], [KS17]; so also Japanese.Determiners.dare_mo), on which dare-mo…nai is ∀ scoping over negation; the rival negative-indefinite tradition posits ¬∃ (truth-conditionally equivalent under plain clausemate negation, teased apart by the scope diagnostics of [Shi11]). The affirmative dare-mo 'everyone' is the same wh + mo formation without negation.

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    FCI #

    source
    def Japanese.PolarityItems.dareDemo :
    Semantics.Polarity.Item

    dare-demo — free choice item: dare-demo dekiru 'anyone can do it'. wh + demo (built on the additive/'even' particle mo); free choice and concessive-conditional uses ([KS17]).

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      Verification #

      source
      theorem Japanese.PolarityItems.dareMo_licensing_characterized (c : Features.LicensingContext) :
      c.licenses dareMo ↔ c ∈ dareMo.licensingContexts

      The licensing keystone characterizes dare-mo exactly: as an n-word it requires an anti-morphic licensor, and clausal negation is the only such row — predicted distribution and attested list coincide.

      source
      theorem Japanese.PolarityItems.dareDemo_licensing_sound (c : Features.LicensingContext) :
      c ∈ dareDemo.licensingContexts → c.licenses dareDemo

      Every attested dare-demo context is predicted licensed: all four rows license free choice items.

      source
      theorem Japanese.PolarityItems.dareMo_dareDemo_licensing_disjoint (c : Features.LicensingContext) :
      c ∈ dareMo.licensingContexts → c ∉ dareDemo.licensingContexts

      Complementary distribution: the n-word and the FCI are licensed in disjoint context sets (clausemate negation vs modal/imperative/generic).