Januubi Arabic: Negation and Expletive Negation Markers

@cite{jin-koenig-2021}

Januubi is a dialect of Gulf Arabic spoken in the province of Asir in southwestern Saudi Arabia. It had not been documented for expletive negation (EN) prior to @cite{jin-koenig-2021}.

Standard Negation

Januubi uses maa as its standard negation marker.

Expletive Negation

EN negators vary by trigger class:

Trigger class	EN negator	Gloss	Form class
FEAR	maa	standard NEG	perfective NEG
REGRET	—	(no EN for this)
DENY	maa	standard NEG	perfective NEG
FORGET	maa	standard NEG	perfective NEG
BEFORE	maa	standard NEG	perfective NEG
CANNOT WAIT	maa	standard NEG	perfective NEG
IMPOSSIBLE	maa	standard NEG	perfective NEG

Unlike French and Mandarin, Januubi does not show negator-trigger covariation: all EN triggers use the same standard negation marker maa. The paper's Januubi consultant reported that REGRET does not trigger EN due to a dispreference for modal operators in complement clauses.

Notable Absences

• COMPARATIVES (MORE THAN, TOO…TO): Januubi only allows NPs as complements of comparatives, blocking clausal EN.
• REGRET: disallowed because Januubi disprefers modals in complement clauses, and REGRET's EN requires a deontic modal.

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.maa : Typology.Negation.NegMarkerEntry

maa — Januubi Arabic's standard sentential negation particle. Same form used as the EN marker across all attested EN-trigger classes (see § 2 below); Januubi shows no negator-trigger covariation unlike French and Mandarin.

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.maa = { form := "maa", morphemeType := Typology.Negation.NegMorphemeType.particle, position := Typology.Negation.NegMarkerPosition.preverbal }

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.standardNeg : String

The standard sentential negation marker in Januubi Arabic.

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.standardNeg = Fragments.Januubi.Negation.maa.form

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.negationSystem : Typology.Negation.NegationSystem

The Januubi negation system: a single particle. No WALS datapoint for Januubi-specific dialect; the lookup returns none and the WALS fields stay unset. The Fragment-side joint consumed by Phenomena/Negation/Studies/Dryer2013.lean.

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.negationSystem = Typology.Negation.NegationSystem.ofISO "" [Fragments.Januubi.Negation.maa]

structure Fragments.Januubi.Negation.ENNegator : Type

An expletive negation marker used in a specific trigger context.

• form : String

  The negator form

• gloss : String

  Romanized gloss

• isStandardNeg : Bool

  Whether this is the same as the standard negation marker

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENNegator.repr : ENNegator → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENNegator : Repr ENNegator

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENNegator = { reprPrec := Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENNegator.repr }

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instDecidableEqENNegator.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : ENNegator) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instDecidableEqENNegator : DecidableEq ENNegator

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instDecidableEqENNegator = Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instDecidableEqENNegator.decEq

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.enNegator : ENNegator

Januubi uses the standard negator maa for all EN contexts.

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.enNegator = { form := "maa", gloss := "standard NEG (perfective)", isStandardNeg := true }

theorem Fragments.Januubi.Negation.en_negator_is_standard : enNegator.isStandardNeg = true

Unlike French and Mandarin, Januubi uses the same negator for standard and expletive negation.

structure Fragments.Januubi.Negation.ENExample : Type

A glossed EN example from Januubi.

• triggerClass : String
• triggerForm : String
• triggerGloss : String
• sentence : String
• gloss : String
• translation : String
• enNegator : String

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENExample.repr : ENExample → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENExample : Repr ENExample

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENExample = { reprPrec := Fragments.Januubi.Negation.instReprENExample.repr }

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.beforeExample : ENExample

BEFORE trigger: gabl 'before' (@cite{jin-koenig-2021}, ex. 24).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.barelyExample : ENExample

BARELY trigger: b-il-guwah 'by force / barely' (@cite{jin-koenig-2021}, ex. 23).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.allExamples : List ENExample

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.allExamples = [Fragments.Januubi.Negation.beforeExample, Fragments.Januubi.Negation.barelyExample]

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.regretBlocked : Phenomena.Negation.ExpletiveNegation.ENBlockingReason

Why REGRET does not trigger EN in Januubi: Januubi speakers disprefer modal operators in complement clauses, and REGRET-class EN requires a deontic modal (e.g. should) (@cite{jin-koenig-2021}, §6.1.2, §7).

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.regretBlocked = Phenomena.Negation.ExpletiveNegation.ENBlockingReason.modalRestriction

def Fragments.Januubi.Negation.comparativeBlocked : Phenomena.Negation.ExpletiveNegation.ENBlockingReason

Why comparatives (MORE THAN, TOO…TO) do not trigger EN in Januubi.

Equations

• Fragments.Januubi.Negation.comparativeBlocked = Phenomena.Negation.ExpletiveNegation.ENBlockingReason.npOnlyComplement