Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Indonesian.Voice

Indonesian voice #

Indonesian has three voices projecting transitive clauses. In the subject voice the verb takes the prefix meN-, whose nasal assimilates to the stem, and the agent is the subject, as in Tono membeli buku 'Tono bought a book'. In the object voice the verb is bare, the patient is the subject and the agent stands immediately before the verb, after negation and the auxiliaries, as in Topi ini sudah saya beli 'I have bought this hat'; the agent is obligatory and pronominal, aku and kamu appearing as the bound ku- and kau-. In the di- voice the patient is the subject and the agent follows the verb, bare or with oleh 'by', and may be omitted, as in Kue ini dimakan (oleh) Arna 'This cake was eaten by Arna'; its agent is third person, dia, mereka or a noun, so that the third-person pronouns alone take both patient-subject voices. The middle ber- selects no pivot and is the matter of Verbs.lean and Studies/BeaversUdayana2022.lean. Sneddon, Cole, Hermon and Yanti, and Erlewine, Levin and van Urk describe the three voices, and Creissels reads di- two ways: as a patient voice whose bare postverbal agent remains a core term, which makes the system a binary symmetrical one, or as a passive whose agent is demoted to the oleh-phrase.

Main definitions #

Main results #

References #

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def Indonesian.subjectVoice :
Voice

The subject voice meN-: the agent is the pivot.

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    def Indonesian.objectVoice :
    Voice

    The object voice, the bare verb: the patient is the pivot, the agent a preverbal pronoun.

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      inductive Indonesian.DiReading :
      Type

      The two readings of di- ([Cre24]): a patient voice whose bare postverbal agent remains a core term, or a passive whose agent is demoted to the oleh-phrase.

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        @[instance_reducible]
        instance Indonesian.instDecidableEqDiReading :
        DecidableEq DiReading
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        @[instance_reducible]
        instance Indonesian.instReprDiReading :
        Repr DiReading
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        def Indonesian.instReprDiReading.repr :
        DiReading → ℕ → Std.Format
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        • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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          @[instance_reducible]
          instance Indonesian.instFintypeDiReading :
          Fintype DiReading
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          def Indonesian.di :
          DiReading → Voice

          The di- voice under a reading: the patient voice or the passive, marked by di-.

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            def Indonesian.voices (r : DiReading) :
            Finset Voice

            The three voices under a reading of di-.

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              theorem Indonesian.symmetrical_iff (r : DiReading) :
              Voice.Symmetrical (voices r) ↔ r = DiReading.patientVoice

              Read as a patient voice, di- makes Indonesian a binary symmetrical system; read as a passive it does not ([Cre24]).

              The agent of the patient-subject voices #

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              inductive Indonesian.Agent :
              Type

              The form of the agent of a transitive clause: a pronoun of a person, a noun, or none.

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                @[instance_reducible]
                instance Indonesian.instDecidableEqAgent :
                DecidableEq Agent
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                def Indonesian.instDecidableEqAgent.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Agent) :
                Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)
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                  def Indonesian.instReprAgent.repr :
                  Agent → ℕ → Std.Format
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                    @[instance_reducible]
                    instance Indonesian.instReprAgent :
                    Repr Agent
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                    @[instance_reducible]
                    instance Indonesian.instFintypeAgent :
                    Fintype Agent
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                    def Indonesian.Agent.IsPronoun :
                    Agent → Prop

                    The agent is a pronoun.

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                      @[instance_reducible]
                      instance Indonesian.instDecidablePredAgentIsPronoun :
                      DecidablePred Agent.IsPronoun
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                      • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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                      def Indonesian.objectVoiceAgents :
                      Finset Agent

                      The agents the object voice takes: a pronoun of any person, obligatorily.

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                        def Indonesian.diAgents :
                        Finset Agent

                        The agents the di- voice takes: a third-person pronoun, a noun, or none.

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                          theorem Indonesian.objectVoiceAgents_inter_diAgents :
                          objectVoiceAgents ∩ diAgents = {Agent.pronoun Person.third}

                          The third-person pronouns dia and mereka alone take both patient-subject voices ([Sne96]).

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                          theorem Indonesian.objectVoiceAgents_union_diAgents :
                          objectVoiceAgents ∪ diAgents = Finset.univ

                          Every agent, expressed or not, has a patient-subject voice.