Indonesian temporal markers

The temporal markers of [Sne96] (§§2.142–52). Indonesian verbs are invariant for tense and aspect (§2.142: "the form of the verb does not change to indicate tense or aspect"); time is inferred from context, indicated by adjuncts, or marked by these words within the predicate. Relative to a past reference point the same markers shift readings: sudah and telah 'had V-ed', sedang 'was V-ing', akan 'would' (§2.152).

Excluded: sempat 'have the opportunity', which [Sne96] classifies as a modal (§2.153), and belum 'not yet', listed with the negatives and analysed as negation plus sudah (§2.156). WALS codings for Indonesian live in Data.WALS.Features (iso ind), not here.

inductive Indonesian.TemporalMeaning : Type

What a temporal marker indicates about the action relative to the moment of utterance or a reference event ([Sne96] §§2.143–51).

• occurred : TemporalMeaning

  Action has occurred or a state has been achieved (§2.143).

• inProgress : TemporalMeaning

  Action is in progress (§2.145).

• stillOccurring : TemporalMeaning

  Action is still occurring (§2.147).

• future : TemporalMeaning

  Future event or state (§2.148).

• distantFuture : TemporalMeaning

  Future event a considerable time ahead (§2.149).

• justOccurred : TemporalMeaning

  Action has just occurred or a state has just been reached (§2.150).

• farPast : TemporalMeaning

  Action occurred in the far past; 'ever, once' (§2.151).

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Indonesian.instDecidableEqTemporalMeaning : DecidableEq TemporalMeaning

Equations

• Indonesian.instDecidableEqTemporalMeaning x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Indonesian.instReprTemporalMeaning : Repr TemporalMeaning

Equations

• Indonesian.instReprTemporalMeaning = { reprPrec := Indonesian.instReprTemporalMeaning.repr }

def Indonesian.instReprTemporalMeaning.repr : TemporalMeaning → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Indonesian.TemporalMarker : Type

A temporal marker ([Sne96] §2.142): a word within the predicate indicating that the action has occurred, is occurring, or is yet to occur. Traditional studies call these 'aspect markers', grouping akan with the modals.

• form : String
• meaning : TemporalMeaning
• register : Features.Register.Level

  .formal for telah, "almost entirely confined to writing and very formal speech"; .neutral for the rest, which [Sne96] leaves unrestricted (§2.144).

• nonverbalPredicates : Option Bool

  some b: §§2.143–51 states or illustrates that the marker does (true) or does not (false) occur with non-verbal predicates; none: not addressed there.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Indonesian.instDecidableEqTemporalMarker : DecidableEq TemporalMarker

Equations

• Indonesian.instDecidableEqTemporalMarker = Indonesian.instDecidableEqTemporalMarker.decEq

def Indonesian.instDecidableEqTemporalMarker.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : TemporalMarker) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Indonesian.instReprTemporalMarker : Repr TemporalMarker

Equations

• Indonesian.instReprTemporalMarker = { reprPrec := Indonesian.instReprTemporalMarker.repr }

def Indonesian.instReprTemporalMarker.repr : TemporalMarker → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Indonesian.sudah : TemporalMarker

sudah: action occurred or state achieved; with state verbs, inception and/or continuation (Dia sudah tidur 'He has gone to bed/is asleep'); with non-verbal predicates ≈ 'already' (Dia sudah tinggi/guru) (§2.143).

Equations

• Indonesian.sudah = { form := "sudah", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.occurred, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := some true }

def Indonesian.telah : TemporalMarker

telah: same meaning as sudah, differing only in register (§2.144).

Equations

• Indonesian.telah = { form := "telah", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.occurred, register := Features.Register.Level.formal, nonverbalPredicates := none }

def Indonesian.sedang : TemporalMarker

sedang: action in progress, 'in the process of' (§2.145).

Equations

• Indonesian.sedang = { form := "sedang", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.inProgress, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := none }

def Indonesian.lagi : TemporalMarker

lagi: replaces sedang; less frequent and not used by all speakers (§2.146).

Equations

• Indonesian.lagi = { form := "lagi", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.inProgress, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := none }

def Indonesian.tengah : TemporalMarker

tengah: replaces sedang; less frequent and not used by all speakers (§2.146).

Equations

• Indonesian.tengah = { form := "tengah", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.inProgress, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := none }

def Indonesian.masih : TemporalMarker

masih: action still occurring; with non-verbal predicates 'still' (Dia masih muda/pegawai) (§2.147).

Equations

• Indonesian.masih = { form := "masih", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.stillOccurring, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := some true }

def Indonesian.akan : TemporalMarker

akan: future event or state (Tugasnya akan berat 'His task will be heavy') (§2.148).

Equations

• Indonesian.akan = { form := "akan", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.future, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := some true }

def Indonesian.bakal : TemporalMarker

bakal: future a considerable time ahead only; verbal predicates only (within a noun phrase it means 'prospective': bakal presiden). Colloquial bakalan is similar but cannot occur in a noun phrase (§2.149).

Equations

• Indonesian.bakal = { form := "bakal", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.distantFuture, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := some false }

def Indonesian.baru : TemporalMarker

baru: action just occurred or state just reached (Umurnya baru empat tahun 'She's just four years old'); often followed by saja for emphasis (§2.150).

Equations

• Indonesian.baru = { form := "baru", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.justOccurred, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := some true }

def Indonesian.pernah : TemporalMarker

pernah: action in the far past, never of recent events; 'ever', but unlike English ever not restricted to negative and interrogative contexts; also 'once' (§2.151). belum pernah is the negative of sudah pernah and differs from tidak pernah 'never (habitually)' (§2.157).

Equations

• Indonesian.pernah = { form := "pernah", meaning := Indonesian.TemporalMeaning.farPast, register := Features.Register.Level.neutral, nonverbalPredicates := none }

def Indonesian.temporalMarkers : List TemporalMarker

The temporal markers of [Sne96] §§2.143–51, in order of presentation.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Indonesian.auxMarkers : List TemporalMarker

The temporal markers tagged AUX in UD Indonesian-GSD: sudah, telah, sedang, akan — exactly [arka-2013]'s I-position auxiliaries among the temporal markers. Checked against the treebank's full train/dev/test splits: the other six markers never tag AUX (masih, pernah, lagi tag ADV; baru mostly ADJ 'new'; tengah NOUN/PROPN 'middle'; bakal marginal). GSD also tags Arka's fifth auxiliary mau (and ingin) AUX, siding with [arka-2013] against [Sne96]'s full-verb treatment.

Equations

• Indonesian.auxMarkers = [Indonesian.sudah, Indonesian.telah, Indonesian.sedang, Indonesian.akan]

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Indonesian.instAuxiliarySubtypeTemporalMarkerMemListAuxMarkers : Auxiliary { m : TemporalMarker // m ∈ auxMarkers }

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Indonesian.telah_sudah_same_meaning_distinct_register : telah.meaning = sudah.meaning ∧ telah.register ≠ sudah.register

telah has the same meaning as sudah; the difference between the two is in register (§2.144).

theorem Indonesian.inProgress_markers : List.map (fun (x : TemporalMarker) => x.form) (List.filter (fun (x : TemporalMarker) => x.meaning == TemporalMeaning.inProgress) temporalMarkers) = ["sedang", "lagi", "tengah"]

lagi and tengah are the replacements for progressive sedang (§2.146).

theorem Indonesian.nonverbal_attested : List.map (fun (x : TemporalMarker) => x.form) (List.filter (fun (x : TemporalMarker) => x.nonverbalPredicates == some true) temporalMarkers) = ["sudah", "masih", "akan", "baru"]

The markers §§2.143–51 attests with non-verbal predicates: sudah, masih, akan, baru.