Indonesian aspect markers

The Indonesian verb does not change to indicate tense or aspect. Time is left to context, to a time adjunct, or to one of the temporal markers of Sneddon's grammar, words within the predicate indicating that the action has occurred, is occurring or is yet to occur in relation to a point of reference, the moment of utterance or another event: Ketika saya sampai di rumahnya Tom sudah bangun 'When I arrived at his house Tom had already got up'. The three relations are the perfect, imperfective and prospective viewpoints, the point of reference being the topic time.

Sneddon classes sempat 'have the opportunity' with the modals and belum 'not yet' with the negatives, so neither is entered; the preverbal lagi 'in the process of' is a different word from lagi 'again', which follows the predicate.

References

• [Sne96]

def Indonesian.Aspect.sudah : Aspect.Marker

Sudah indicates that an action has occurred or that a state has been achieved, Ali sudah bangun 'Ali has woken up' (§2.143). With a state verb it usually refers both to the action that begins the state and to its continuation, Dia sudah tidur 'He has gone to bed, he is asleep', and with a non-verbal predicate it is translated 'already', Dia sudah tinggi 'He is already tall'.

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.sudah = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "sudah"], gloss := "PERF", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.perfect }

def Indonesian.Aspect.telah : Aspect.Marker

Telah has the meaning of sudah and is almost entirely confined to writing and very formal speech, Dia telah pergi 'He has gone' (§2.144).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.telah = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "telah"], gloss := "PERF", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.perfect, register := SocialMeaning.Register.formal }

def Indonesian.Aspect.sedang : Aspect.Marker

Sedang indicates that an action is in progress, Mereka sedang makan 'They are eating' (§2.145).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.sedang = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "sedang"], gloss := "PROG", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.imperfective }

def Indonesian.Aspect.lagi : Aspect.Marker

Lagi can replace sedang, though it is less frequent and not used by all speakers, Mereka lagi makan 'They are eating' (§2.146).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.lagi = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "lagi"], gloss := "PROG", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.imperfective }

def Indonesian.Aspect.tengah : Aspect.Marker

Tengah can replace sedang, though it is less frequent and not used by all speakers, Apartment Citraland kini tengah dibangun 'The Citraland apartments are in the process of being built' (§2.146).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.tengah = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "tengah"], gloss := "PROG", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.imperfective }

def Indonesian.Aspect.masih : Aspect.Marker

Masih indicates that an action is still occurring, Dia masih makan 'She is still eating', and occurs with non-verbal predicates, Dia masih muda 'She is still young' (§2.147).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.masih = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "masih"], gloss := "still", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.imperfective }

def Indonesian.Aspect.akan : Aspect.Marker

Akan indicates a future event or state, Tugasnya akan berat 'His task will be heavy' (§2.148); from a past point of reference it is 'would, was going to', Dia berjanji akan datang 'He promised he would come' (§2.152).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.akan = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "akan"], gloss := "FUT", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.prospective }

def Indonesian.Aspect.bakal : Aspect.Marker

Bakal indicates an event a considerable time in the future and occurs with verbal predicates only, Dia bakal menjadi presiden 'He will become president' (§2.149).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.bakal = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "bakal"], gloss := "FUT", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.prospective }

def Indonesian.Aspect.baru : Aspect.Marker

Baru indicates that an action or state has just occurred, Dia baru tiba 'He has just arrived' (§2.150).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.baru = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "baru"], gloss := "just", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.perfect }

def Indonesian.Aspect.pernah : Aspect.Marker

Pernah indicates that an action occurred in the far past, never a recent one, and corresponds to 'ever' or 'once', Dia pernah belajar di Paris 'She once studied in Paris' (§2.151).

Equations

• Indonesian.Aspect.pernah = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "pernah"], gloss := "ever", viewpoint := Aspect.ViewpointType.perfect }

def Indonesian.Aspect.markers : List Aspect.Marker

The temporal markers, in Sneddon's order of presentation.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Indonesian.Aspect.telah_eq_sudah : (have __src := telah; { morphs := sudah.morphs, script := __src.script, gloss := __src.gloss, viewpoint := __src.viewpoint, register := sudah.register }) = sudah

Telah has the meaning of sudah and differs from it in register alone (§2.144).

theorem Indonesian.Aspect.register_sudah_lt_telah : sudah.register < telah.register

theorem Indonesian.Aspect.lagi_eq_sedang : (have __src := lagi; { morphs := sedang.morphs, script := __src.script, gloss := __src.gloss, viewpoint := __src.viewpoint, register := __src.register }) = sedang

Lagi can replace sedang (§2.146).

theorem Indonesian.Aspect.tengah_eq_sedang : (have __src := tengah; { morphs := sedang.morphs, script := __src.script, gloss := __src.gloss, viewpoint := __src.viewpoint, register := __src.register }) = sedang

Tengah can replace sedang (§2.146).