Hungarian phonology

This file gives the short vowels and the consonants of Hungarian as segments, reads spelled words as segments, classifies the vowels for harmony, and states the two harmony systems the suffix alternations follow. The seven vowels are those of Siptár and Törkenczy's vowel system, and a long vowel has the features of its short counterpart, length being prosodic. In their classification the front unrounded vowels are neutral, the front rounded vowels front harmonic, and the back vowels back harmonic. Palatal harmony spreads the backness of the last harmonic stem vowel rightward through the transparent neutral vowels. Rounding harmony spreads the rounding of the last stem vowel, and resolves the three-way suffixes. Both are systems in the sense of Rose and Walker's decomposition.

The feature values come from the PHOIBLE chart, read at the short vowels of PHOIBLE's Hungarian inventory and kept on the features the system (7) uses. The short low vowel is the chart's rounded [ɒ], and Siptár and Törkenczy class it with the unrounded back vowels, its rounding being a matter of phonetic implementation, so it departs from the chart in [round]. The consonants are the chart's segments of the consonants of the inventory, each with all its features. A spelled word is read grapheme by grapheme, each digraph such as ⟨sz⟩ or ⟨ny⟩ and the trigraph ⟨dzs⟩ being one grapheme, and an accented vowel letter writes a long vowel.

Main definitions

• Hungarian.contrastive: the features the vowel system uses.
• Hungarian.i, Hungarian.epsilon and the like: the seven short vowels, and Hungarian.vowels the set of them.
• Hungarian.p, Hungarian.«ɲ» and the like: the consonants, and Hungarian.consonants the set of them.
• Hungarian.graphemes, Hungarian.ofGrapheme, Hungarian.transcribe?: the graphemes of a spelled word and the segments they write; Hungarian.ofLetter the vowel a letter writes.
• Hungarian.IsLong, Hungarian.longPositions: the graphemes that write long vowels, and the positions of a spelled word at which they stand.
• Hungarian.palatalHarmony, Hungarian.labialHarmony: the two harmony systems.

Main results

• Hungarian.subset_hun, Hungarian.consonants_subset_hun: each vowel's chart entry, and each consonant, is in PHOIBLE's Hungarian inventory.
• Hungarian.isNeutral_iff, Hungarian.isFrontHarmonic_iff, Hungarian.isBackHarmonic_iff: the neutral vowels are /i/ and /ɛ/, the front harmonic ones /y/ and /ø/, and the rest are back harmonic.

Implementation notes

• Antiharmonic stems, vacillating stems and the height-graded transparency of the neutral vowels are not properties of these systems: Studies/SiptarTorkenczy2000 derives them from the book's place-feature analysis.

References

• [ST00]
• [RW11]
• [MMcC19]

The vowel inventory

def Hungarian.contrastive : Finset Phonology.Feature

The features the vowel system (7) uses, with [syllabic] marking the vowels.

Equations

• Hungarian.contrastive = {Phonology.Feature.syllabic, Phonology.Feature.high, Phonology.Feature.low, Phonology.Feature.back, Phonology.Feature.round}

def Hungarian.vowel (m : Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix) (departure : Phonology.Segment := ⊥) : Phonology.Segment

A vowel is its chart entry's segment, with its departure, on the contrastive features.

Equations

• Hungarian.vowel m departure = Phonology.Segment.ofChart m departure Hungarian.contrastive

def Hungarian.i : Phonology.Segment

The high front unrounded vowel /i/, orthographic ⟨i⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.i = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Hungarian.y : Phonology.Segment

The high front rounded vowel /y/, orthographic ⟨ü⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.y = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.y

def Hungarian.u : Phonology.Segment

The high back vowel /u/.

Equations

• Hungarian.u = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Hungarian.epsilon : Phonology.Segment

The front unrounded vowel /ɛ/, orthographic ⟨e⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.epsilon = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɛ»

def Hungarian.ø : Phonology.Segment

The mid front rounded vowel /ø/, orthographic ⟨ö⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.ø = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ø

def Hungarian.o : Phonology.Segment

The mid back vowel /o/.

Equations

• Hungarian.o = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Hungarian.turnedScriptA : Phonology.Segment

The low back vowel /ɒ/, orthographic ⟨a⟩, which departs from the chart in being phonologically unrounded.

Equations

• Hungarian.turnedScriptA = Hungarian.vowel Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɒ» (Phonology.Segment.ofSpecs [(Phonology.Feature.round, false)])

def Hungarian.vowels : Finset Phonology.Segment

The seven short vowels, pairwise distinct.

Equations

• Hungarian.vowels = { val := ↑[Hungarian.i, Hungarian.y, Hungarian.u, Hungarian.epsilon, Hungarian.ø, Hungarian.o, Hungarian.turnedScriptA], nodup := Hungarian.vowels._proof_1 }

theorem Hungarian.subset_hun : vowels.erase turnedScriptA ⊆ Finset.image (fun (m : Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix) => vowel m) Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Hungarian.hun.featureMatrices ∧ Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɒ» ∈ Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Hungarian.hun.featureMatrices

The vowels but the low one, which departs from the chart, are those of PHOIBLE's Hungarian inventory, and the low vowel's chart entry is in that inventory.

The consonants

def Hungarian.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Hungarian.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Hungarian.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• Hungarian.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Hungarian.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• Hungarian.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Hungarian.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar stop /d/.

Equations

• Hungarian.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Hungarian.cç : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless palatal stop, orthographic ⟨ty⟩, the chart's affricated cç.

Equations

• Hungarian.cç = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.cç

def Hungarian.«ɟʝ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced palatal stop, orthographic ⟨gy⟩, the chart's affricated ɟʝ.

Equations

• Hungarian.«ɟʝ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɟʝ»

def Hungarian.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Hungarian.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Hungarian.g : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /g/, the IPA glyph ɡ in the chart.

Equations

• Hungarian.g = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Hungarian.ts : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/, orthographic ⟨c⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.ts = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ts

def Hungarian.dz : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar affricate /dz/.

Equations

• Hungarian.dz = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.dz

def Hungarian.«t̠ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar affricate /t̠ʃ/, orthographic ⟨cs⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.«t̠ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̠ʃ»

def Hungarian.«d̠ʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar affricate /d̠ʒ/, orthographic ⟨dzs⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.«d̠ʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̠ʒ»

def Hungarian.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/.

Equations

• Hungarian.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def Hungarian.v : Phonology.Segment

The voiced labiodental fricative /v/.

Equations

• Hungarian.v = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.v

def Hungarian.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/, orthographic ⟨sz⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Hungarian.z : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

Equations

• Hungarian.z = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.z

def Hungarian.«ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/, orthographic ⟨s⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.«ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʃ»

def Hungarian.«ʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/, orthographic ⟨zs⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.«ʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʒ»

def Hungarian.h : Phonology.Segment

The glottal fricative /h/.

Equations

• Hungarian.h = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.h

def Hungarian.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Hungarian.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Hungarian.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Hungarian.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Hungarian.«ɲ» : Phonology.Segment

The palatal nasal /ɲ/, orthographic ⟨ny⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.«ɲ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɲ»

def Hungarian.l : Phonology.Segment

The lateral /l/.

Equations

• Hungarian.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Hungarian.r : Phonology.Segment

The trill /r/.

Equations

• Hungarian.r = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.r

def Hungarian.j : Phonology.Segment

The palatal glide /j/, orthographic ⟨j⟩ and ⟨ly⟩.

Equations

• Hungarian.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Hungarian.consonants : Finset Phonology.Segment

The consonants, pairwise distinct.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Hungarian.consonants_subset_hun : consonants ⊆ Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Hungarian.hun.segments

The consonants are segments of PHOIBLE's Hungarian inventory.

Spelling

def Hungarian.graphemes : List Char → List (List Char)

The graphemes of a spelled word are its letters, with each digraph and the trigraph ⟨dzs⟩ read as one grapheme.

Equations

• Hungarian.graphemes ('d' :: 'z' :: 's' :: cs) = ['d', 'z', 's'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('c' :: 's' :: cs) = ['c', 's'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('d' :: 'z' :: cs) = ['d', 'z'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('g' :: 'y' :: cs) = ['g', 'y'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('l' :: 'y' :: cs) = ['l', 'y'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('n' :: 'y' :: cs) = ['n', 'y'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('s' :: 'z' :: cs) = ['s', 'z'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('t' :: 'y' :: cs) = ['t', 'y'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes ('z' :: 's' :: cs) = ['z', 's'] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes (c :: cs) = [c] :: Hungarian.graphemes cs
• Hungarian.graphemes [] = []

def Hungarian.ofGrapheme : List Char → Option Phonology.Segment

The segment a grapheme writes, a long vowel writing the segment of its short counterpart.

def Hungarian.ofLetter (letter : String) : Option Phonology.Segment

The vowel written by an orthographic vowel letter, long and short alike.

Equations

• Hungarian.ofLetter letter = Option.filter (fun (x : Phonology.Segment) => decide x.IsVowel) (Hungarian.ofGrapheme letter.toList)

def Hungarian.vowelsOf (segments : List String) : List Phonology.Segment

The vowels of a word written as a list of orthographic segments.

Equations

• Hungarian.vowelsOf segments = List.filterMap Hungarian.ofLetter segments

def Hungarian.IsLong (gr : List Char) : Prop

A grapheme writes a long vowel when it carries an acute or double acute accent.

Equations

• Hungarian.IsLong gr = (gr ∈ [['í'], ['ű'], ['ú'], ['é'], ['ő'], ['ó'], ['á']])

@[instance_reducible]

instance Hungarian.instDecidablePredListCharIsLong : DecidablePred IsLong

Equations

• Hungarian.instDecidablePredListCharIsLong x✝ = { decide := decide (List.elem x✝ [['í'], ['ű'], ['ú'], ['é'], ['ő'], ['ó'], ['á']] = true), reflects_decide := ⋯ }

def Hungarian.transcribe? (w : String) : Option (List Phonology.Segment)

The segments a spelled word writes, if every grapheme writes one.

Equations

• Hungarian.transcribe? w = List.mapM Hungarian.ofGrapheme (Hungarian.graphemes w.toList)

def Hungarian.longPositions (w : String) : Finset ℕ

The positions of a spelled word at which it writes a long vowel.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Harmonic classification

def Hungarian.IsNeutral (s : Phonology.Segment) : Prop

A vowel is neutral when it is front and unrounded.

Equations

• Hungarian.IsNeutral s = (s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.syllabic true ∧ s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.back false ∧ s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.round false)

def Hungarian.IsFrontHarmonic (s : Phonology.Segment) : Prop

A vowel is front harmonic when it is front and rounded.

Equations

• Hungarian.IsFrontHarmonic s = (s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.syllabic true ∧ s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.back false ∧ s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.round true)

def Hungarian.IsBackHarmonic (s : Phonology.Segment) : Prop

Every back vowel is back harmonic.

Equations

• Hungarian.IsBackHarmonic s = (s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.syllabic true ∧ s.HasValue Phonology.Feature.back true)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Hungarian.instDecidablePredSegmentIsNeutral : DecidablePred IsNeutral

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Hungarian.instDecidablePredSegmentIsFrontHarmonic : DecidablePred IsFrontHarmonic

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Hungarian.instDecidablePredSegmentIsBackHarmonic : DecidablePred IsBackHarmonic

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Hungarian.isNeutral_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ vowels → (IsNeutral x ↔ x = i ∨ x = epsilon)

The neutral vowels are /i/ and /ɛ/.

theorem Hungarian.isFrontHarmonic_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ vowels → (IsFrontHarmonic x ↔ x = y ∨ x = ø)

The front harmonic vowels are /y/ and /ø/.

theorem Hungarian.isBackHarmonic_iff (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ vowels → (IsBackHarmonic x ↔ x = u ∨ x = o ∨ x = turnedScriptA)

The back harmonic vowels are /u/, /o/ and /ɒ/.

The harmony systems

def Hungarian.palatalHarmony : Phonology.Harmony.System Phonology.Segment

Palatal harmony spreads the backness of the last harmonic stem vowel rightward to the suffix vowels unspecified for it, consonants and the neutral vowels being off the tier.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Hungarian.labialHarmony : Phonology.Harmony.System Phonology.Segment

Rounding harmony spreads the rounding of the last stem vowel to the suffix vowels unspecified for it, with no transparent vowels; it matters only for front stems, since a back stem takes the back alternant of a three-way suffix.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.