Hixkaryana Negation Fragment

@cite{miestamo-2005} @cite{haspelmath-2013} @cite{dryer-haspelmath-2013}

Hixkaryana (Carib; Brazil) expresses standard negation with the suffix -hira on the verb. Negation is asymmetric (A/Fin): the negative suffix deverbalizes the lexical verb, and a non-negative copula takes over as the finite element.

Example

	Affirmative	Negative
Immediate past	amryeki 'I hunted'	amryeki-hira w-ah-ko 'hunt-NEG 1SUBJ-be-IMM.PST'

The deverbalization + copula pattern is a clear case of A/Fin asymmetry: the lexical verb loses its finiteness under negation, and a copula verb becomes the finite element carrying person/tense marking.

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.hira : Typology.Negation.NegMarkerEntry

-hira — Hixkaryana's standard negation suffix. Deverbalizes the lexical verb (A/Fin asymmetry); a copula then takes over as the finite element.

Equations

• Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.hira = { form := "-hira", morphemeType := Typology.Negation.NegMorphemeType.affix, position := Typology.Negation.NegMarkerPosition.morphological }

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.negationSystem : Typology.Negation.NegationSystem

The Hixkaryana negation system: a single deverbalizing suffix. The Fragment-side joint consumed by Phenomena/Negation/Studies/Dryer2013.lean.

Equations

• Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.negationSystem = Typology.Negation.NegationSystem.ofISO "hix" [Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.hira]

structure Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.NegExample : Type

A Hixkaryana negation example.

• affirmative : String
• negative : String
• glossAff : String
• glossNeg : String
• copulaFinite : Bool

  Does this construction use a copula as the finite element?

• symmetric : Bool

  Is this construction symmetric?

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instReprNegExample : Repr NegExample

Equations

• Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instReprNegExample = { reprPrec := Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instReprNegExample.repr }

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instReprNegExample.repr : NegExample → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample.beq : NegExample → NegExample → Bool

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample : BEq NegExample

Equations

• Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample = { beq := Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample.beq }

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.immPast : NegExample

Immediate past: deverbalization + copula.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.allExamples : List NegExample

Equations

• Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.allExamples = [Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.immPast]

Verification

theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.all_examples_count : allExamples.length = 1

theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.all_asymmetric : (allExamples.all fun (e : NegExample) => !e.symmetric) = true

All constructions are asymmetric.

theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.copula_as_finite : (allExamples.all fun (x : NegExample) => x.copulaFinite) = true

Negation introduces a copula as the finite element.

theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.all_negative_contain_hira : (allExamples.all fun (e : NegExample) => Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.hasSubstr✝ e.negative "-hira") = true

All negative examples contain the suffix -hira.

def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.negationProfile : Typology.Negation.NegationProfile

Hixkaryana negation profile (WALS Ch 112-115 + Greco/JinKoenig fields).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.