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Linglib.Fragments.German.Particles

German Particles #

The German particle inventory as Particle values: the modal particles (Modalpartikeln, [Gut15] Table 6.1) and the question-marking particles ([The21], [SR18]), one entry per lexeme. Analytical classifications live with their analyses: L_TU typing in Gutzmann2015, highlighting and bias in Theiler2021, the PRQ/NRQ profile in SeeligerRepp2018. Response uses of ja/doch live in PolarityMarking.lean.

Table 6.1's undifferentiated interrogative column is recorded on both interrogative cells.

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def German.Particles.ja :
Particle

ja — common-ground reminder particle ("as you may already know"). Declaratives only: its use condition references the truth of its propositional argument, conflicting with interrogative uncertainty and imperative non-epistemicity (Gutzmann2015). Distinct from answer particle ja (PolarityMarking.lean).

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    def German.Particles.denn :
    Particle

    denn — interrogative-only particle, one lexeme under two analyses: [Gut15]'s question-prompting UCI (the interrogative counterpart of ja; typing in Gutzmann2015) and [The21]'s highlighting-sensitive flavoring particle (bias profile in Theiler2021). Licensed in polar and constituent questions, excluded from declaratives and imperatives.

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      def German.Particles.wohl :
      Particle

      wohl — epistemic hedging particle: declaratives and interrogatives (which involve EPIS), never imperatives (which lack it); see wohl_iff_epis and the selectional analysis in Gutzmann2015.

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        def German.Particles.halt :
        Particle

        halt — resignation/acceptance particle ("that's just the way it is"). Declaratives only.

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          def German.Particles.doch :
          Particle

          doch — contradiction/insistence particle. Uniquely among common MPs, licensed in both declaratives and imperatives. Distinct from the polarity-reversal response doch (PolarityMarking.lean; the ambiguity is formalized in SeeligerRepp2018.doch_dual_role).

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            def German.Particles.dochWohl :
            Particle

            doch wohl — non-compositional marker of rejecting questions ([SR18]): declarative-syntax polar questions (recorded under polarInterrogative following the source schema's question-function reading), not assertions and not wh-questions. The PRQ/NRQ bias profile lives in SeeligerRepp2018.

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              def German.Particles.modalParticles :
              List Particle

              The modal-particle inventory ([Gut15] Table 6.1).

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                def German.Particles.questionParticles :
                List Particle

                The question-marking particles ([The21], [SR18]). denn is in both inventories.

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                  def German.Particles.licensedInClause (p : Particle) {f : Features.ClauseForm} :
                  ClauseTypes.GermanClauseType f → Bool

                  Licensing across the [Gut15] German clause types, read off the clause-type facet (dass-VL clauses exclude modal particles).

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                    theorem German.Particles.wohl_iff_epis {f : Features.ClauseForm} (ct : ClauseTypes.GermanClauseType f) :
                    licensedInClause wohl ct = ct.moodStructure.hasEpistemic

                    wohl's licensing across German clause types is exactly the presence of EPIS in the clause type's mood structure — the formal content of the selectional restriction analysis.

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                    theorem German.Particles.all_excluded_from_dassVL (mp : Particle) :
                    mp ∈ modalParticles → licensedInClause mp ClauseTypes.GermanClauseType.dassVL = false

                    Every MP is excluded from dass-VL clauses.

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                    theorem German.Particles.ja_denn_complementary {f : Features.ClauseForm} (ct : ClauseTypes.GermanClauseType f) :
                    ¬(licensedInClause ja ct = true ∧ licensedInClause denn ct = true)

                    ja and denn are in complementary distribution: no clause type licenses both.