Gã personal pronouns

The pronoun paradigm of [All21]'s Table 3 (Gã, ISO 639-3 gaa; Kwa, Ghana) as PersonalPronoun entries. Each person–number cell has one form that serves the subjective (nominative) and possessive (genitive) columns, and only the second and third person singular add a dedicated objective (accusative) form, bo and lɛ; the other cells use the one form in every column. Gã has no clusivity and no gender.

Implementation notes

The case-neutral form of a cell is entered with case_ := none and the dedicated objective form with case_ := some .acc, so a cell's paradigm (paradigm) has two forms exactly where Table 3 has a distinct objective column. Not recorded: the clipped past-tense 1SG variant ĩ and the impersonal subject a, which has neither objective nor possessive form. The paper does not classify the subject pronouns by structural deficiency: [Cam17] writes them as clitics prefixed to the verb, which the paper rejects on the strength of the negation that intervenes between the embedded subject and its verb, so strength stays none. Lean does not accept ɛ or ŋ in plain identifiers, so names use Latin letters (le, wo, nye, ame) and the orthography lives in form.

References

• [All21]
• [Cam17]

def Ga.Pronouns.mi : PersonalPronoun

mi — first person singular, the one form of all three columns.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.mi = { form := "mi", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular }

def Ga.Pronouns.o : PersonalPronoun

o — second person singular subjective and possessive.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.o = { form := "o", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def Ga.Pronouns.bo : PersonalPronoun

bo — second person singular objective.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.bo = { form := "bo", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.acc }

def Ga.Pronouns.e : PersonalPronoun

e — third person singular subjective and possessive.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.e = { form := "e", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular }

def Ga.Pronouns.le : PersonalPronoun

lɛ — third person singular objective.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.le = { form := "lɛ", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.acc }

def Ga.Pronouns.wo : PersonalPronoun

wɔ — first person plural, the one form of all three columns.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.wo = { form := "wɔ", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural }

def Ga.Pronouns.nye : PersonalPronoun

nyɛ — second person plural, the one form of all three columns.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.nye = { form := "nyɛ", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural }

def Ga.Pronouns.ame : PersonalPronoun

amɛ — third person plural, the one form of all three columns.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.ame = { form := "amɛ", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural }

def Ga.Pronouns.pronouns : Finset PersonalPronoun

The personal pronoun inventory of Table 3.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.pronouns = {Ga.Pronouns.mi, Ga.Pronouns.o, Ga.Pronouns.bo, Ga.Pronouns.e, Ga.Pronouns.le, Ga.Pronouns.wo, Ga.Pronouns.nye, Ga.Pronouns.ame}

def Ga.Pronouns.paradigm : Person.Category → Finset String

The forms of each referential category.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.paradigm = PersonalPronoun.paradigm Ga.Pronouns.pronouns

def Ga.Pronouns.subjectForms (p : Person) (n : Number) : Finset String

The subject forms of a person–number cell: those of its case-neutral entries, one per cell of Table 3. In the paper's control examples the embedded subject of a controlled ni-clause is one of these, never silent; merged with the irrealis high tone the 1SG form surfaces as the portmanteau má.

Equations

• Ga.Pronouns.subjectForms p n = Finset.image (fun (x : PersonalPronoun) => x.form) ({q ∈ Ga.Pronouns.pronouns | q.person = some p ∧ q.number = some n ∧ q.case_ = none})